marți, 13 mai 2008

Romany poetry

Cib marí


Kamáva tu
cib marí.
Tu sal bravalí ta chororí
sar jamén.
Kántu sam bibaxtalé
ménge tu déssa le láu par te rovás,
kántu sam kontán
ménge tu déssa le láu par te sas,
kántu si-amén bróxa te garavássa men
tu, cib marí, déssa ménge ne vast.

But pirdál méntza
pren sa le dromá do vélto,
sálas i jag da maré giljá,
ma kaná
andrén kalá džungalé pláse
kaj cidéna men le gadžé
tu meréssa ne písla óni divés,
sar jamén.

Se našavássa tu
nínge jamén sam našadé.
Šunén cavalé,
šun ternibén,
maré puré Sínti
mukjén-le ménge
kajá šukár, gulí cib.
Na bistarás la,
sikavás la kaj maré cavé,
indžarás la sémpar ménca
sar o kórkoro braválimo
ke si-amén.


Our language

O love you,
Our language.
You are rich and poor
As we are.
When we are sad
You give us words to weep,
When we are happy
You give us words to rejoice,
When we need to hide
You, our language, help us.

You have travelled together with us
Along the streets of the world,
You were the fire of our songs
And now
In these nasty lands
That gadje give us
You are dying a little every day,
As we do.

If we lose you
We will be lost, too.
Hear, O children!
Hear, O Youth!,
Our old Sintis
have left us
This beautiful and sweet language.
Do not forget it,
Teach it to our children
Keep it always with us
As the only treasure
That belong to us.

Spatzo (Vittorio Mayer Pasquale)
www.vurdon.it

il dialetto dei Sinti Eftawagarja

E FAMILJA (la famiglia)

u dat (padre), i daj (madre), u tschawo (figlio), i tschaj (figlia), u pral (fratello), i pen (sorella), u papu (nonno), i dada (nonna), u dschamutro (cognato), i bori (nuora), u nefo (nipote di zio), i nefitsa (nipote femminile di zio), u enklo (nipote di nonno), i enklitsa (nipote femminile di nonna), u batschi (zio), i bibi (zia), u woro (cugino), i wori (cugina), u rom (sinto sposato), i romni (sintitsa sposata), u dschubel (non sinto sposato), i dschubli (non zingara sposata), u raklo (ragazzo non sinto), i rakli (ragazza non sintitsa), u sastro (suocero), i sasui (suocera).



U KER (la casa)

u ker (casa), u wageno (roulotte), u klutscho (chiave), i mesli (la tavola), u wudar (porta), u glido (serratura), i kaschlina (armadio), i telewisi (la televisione), i weglina (letto), i schkami (sedia), u tsolo (tappeto), u boglo (finestra), u falo (muro), u taweno (soffitta), u palwo (pavimento), u logo (luce), i kunja (cucina), u angar (carbone), u jak (fuoco), u tuf (fumo), u briketo (accendino), i tsigara (sigaretta), u bracho (cenere), i momeli (candela), i wadra (focolare), i piri (pentola), u moblino (mobile), u tucho (profumo), u kopatelo (bagno), i bar (giardino), i pintsa (cantina), i schebrja (scopa), i pischtiri (asciugamano), u sapu (sapone), i beretuwa (rasoio), i lada (cassetto), i kapa (coperta), u scharant (cuscino), i roj (cucchiaio), u glaslo (bicchiere), i kutschi (tazza), u flacho (piatto), u tschungar (spiedo), u diban (divano), i flascha (bottiglia), i tschuri (coltello), i wela (la forchetta).



U FORO (la città)

u foro (città), u palasto (palazzo), i schuli (scuola), i kangri (chiesa), i schpita (ospedale), u aschtaripe (carcere), i omplina (semaforo), u bar (giardino), i kutschma (bar), i wona (treno), i werda (macchina), u traktor (trattore), i schurasta (ferrovia), u poschtido (via), i bota (negozio), u bekari (panettiere), i tablina (segnale), u kino (cinema), u platso (piazza), u ato (auto), i lasti werda (camion), u kerko (bicicletta), i tuchaneskri bota (tabaccaio), u chareskro (poliziotto).



PU WELAGO UN PU BARO PAJ (in campagna e al mare)

i len (fiume), u dorfo (paese), u selenepe (verdura), u bergo (montagna), u dudun (zucca), u grascht (cavallo), i mescha (campo), u barto (collina), u talo (valle), i tschar (erba), u schtro (paglia), u vesch (bosco), u kascht (albero), i bogreta (fiore), i patrin (foglia), i changi (pozzo), u dombo (vigna), i purt (ponte), i schtala (stalla), i kanjangri schtala (pollaio), i poschi (sabbia), u schtranto (spiaggia), u ladno (barca), u tschutschepe (deserto), i sajata (insalata), i mortscha (carota), u pardas (pomodoro), u saltso (sale), i pabri (pepe), u goro (contadino), u balo (maiale), i kani (gallina).



E DSCHENE (le persone)

u mal (amico), i malin (amica), u kenigo (re), u pirano (fidanzato), i pirani (fidanzata), u witawo (vedovo), u schetalascho (viaggiatore), terno (giovane), purano (vecchio), barwalo (ricco), tschoro (povero), mundarascho (assassino), schtardo (prigioniero), i tschochani (strega), swalo (sano), naswalo (malato), dilino (pazzo), chochalo (bugiardo), koro (cieco), namalo (muto), kascheko (sordo), bango (storpio), dumano (gobbo).



E BUTJA (i mestieri)

u barbiro (barbiere), u kodoscho (nullatenente), u alawascho (avvocato), u schpurtascho (atleta), u bankero (banchiere), u charengro (poliziotto), u tserhanjascho (astrologo), u kalnero (cameriere), u butoscho (uomo di affari), u marero (muratore), u ladanascho (negoziante), u doktero (dottore), u butschascho (operaio), u tschor (ladro), i lumni (prostituta), u bajando (impiegato), u kochero (cuoco), u charkumascho (ramaio), u kelascho (ballerino), u musikascho (musicista).



U CHAWE (il cibo)

u balvas (prosciutto), u matoscho (liquore), u pawano (mela), i kali murutsa (mora), u maro (pane), u pekibe (dolce), i tschareschna (ciliegia), i kajni (pollo), kochinel (cucinare), tafelo (crema), i karatschin (gambero), u piwe (bibita), u paj (acqua), u scharo (birra), i mol (vino), i mola (vino e cola [bevanda tipica dei Sinti Eftawagari]), i gotsa (anatra), u muschto (sidro), u kafe (caffè), ch- (mangiare), u tscharo (farina), u matscho (pesce), u mas (carne), i papin (oca), i aftschin (miele), i safti (succo), u bagrero (agnello), i tsitrona (limone), i gruschka (pera), i sumi (zuppa), i wargaja (fungo), u peglo (arrosto), i rischa (riso), i meteliki (pasta), i goja (salsiccia), u jego (gelato), u tut (latte), i lekwa (marmellata), u tschokolat (cioccolato).



E GADA (i vestiti)

u kostim (costume da carnevale), i guschma (berretto), i juba (giacca), e boschkori (scarpe), i klapa (cappello), i rokla (gonna), u puloweri (golf), e soschten (mutande), e cholew (pantaloni), e kirchaja (stivali), i angrusti (anello), u diglo (fazzoletto), i wuna (pelliccia), i schmiri (cintura), i jaschka (borsa), e schtagli (occhiali), e kameskre schtagli (occhiali da sole).



E MARANE (gli animali)

u gras (cavallo), u dschukel (cane), i gotsa (anatra), i papin (oca), i bagri (pecora), i odleri (aquila), i goruwni (mucca), u goruw (bove), i maschka (gatto), u kermuso (topo), u balo (maiale), i matschin (mosca), u schoschow (coniglio), i mamutsa (scimmia), i kajni (gallina), u matscho (pesce), u ruw (lupo), i chantscha (formica), i esa (asino), i metwa (orso), u drascho (ape).



U MANUSCHESKRO TESCHTO (il corpo umano)

u rat (sangue), i bul (sedere), u kokalo (osso), e bal (capelli), i jak (occhio), e per (pencia), u kan (orecchio), sano (magro), tulo (grasso), i minsch (vagina), u kar (pene), u was (mano), u bro (piede), u dumo (schiena), i wodschi (cuore), i pori (intestino), u muj (bocca), u wosch (labbro), u anguschto (dito), u nak (naso), u dant (dente), u piko (spalla), i kuni (gomito), i men (collo), u schero (testa), i schorka (caviglia).



U TSAJTO (il tempo)

u linaj (estate), u dschen (inverno), u terno linaj (primavera), u terno dschen (autunno), i ratscha (mattina), i grati (sera), blane (mezzogiorno), chetwin (lunedi), kedan (martedi), schirida (mercoledi), tschetertiko (giovedi), braschtuja (venerdi), suwota (sabato), kurko (domenica), akan (adesso), schocha (mai), sik (presto), morge (domani), geschtar (ieri), mentesch (subito), agun (prima), akor (dopo), angloda (poco fa).



U WAJTERI (il tempo atmosferico)

tato (caldo), schil (freddo), newo (cielo), u dschiw (neve), i brischin (pioggia), u bawlal (vento), u fechlo (nuvola), e kokurja (grandine), u germischo (tuono), i muchli (nebbia), u kamalo newo (cielo splendente), u mejaribe (inquinamento), i tserhani (stella), u tschon (luna).



U PATSCHAJIBE (la religione)

Del (Dio), Deloro (Gesù), u beng (diavolo), Patraja (Pasqua), Boschitscha (Natale), i momeli (candela), dschido (ebreo), muslimo (musulmano), chorachano (Rom musulmano), tschiriglascho (protestante), katoliko (cattolico), u raschaj (prete), u molinibe (preghiera).



E FESCHTE (i colori)

kalo (nero), brono (marrone), zeleno (verde), modro (blu), lolo (rosso), groi (grigio), tschuto (giallo), parno (bianco), brischineskri karika (arcobaleno).



E KOWINE (i metalli)

somenak (oro), ruf (argento), schrasta (ferro), ris (rame), blecho (stagno), kufro (rame).
www.vurdon.it

IL DIALETTO DEI ROM XORAXANÉ

LA FAMIGLIA = E FÁMILJA

Il padre = o dad; la madre = e dej; il marito = o řom; la moglie (zingara) = e řomní, (non zingara) e džuvlí; il fratello = o phral; la sorella = e phen; il figlio = o čhavřó; la figlia = e čhej; il nonno = o pápo; la nonna = e bíka; il nipote (di nonno) = o unúko; la nipote (di nonno) = e unúka; lo zio = o kak; la zia= e bibí; il nipote (di zio/a) = o phraléhko / phejáko čhavřó (= il figlio del fratello / della sorella); il nipote (di zia) = e phraléhki / phejáki čhéj (= la figlia del fratello / della sorella); il cugino = o rodžáko; la cugina = e róditsa; il padrino = o kúmo; la madrina = e kúma; il figlioccio = o kúmče; il suocero = o púntso; la suocera = e púnitsa; il consuocero = o prijáteli; la consuocera = e príja; il cognato = o šuráko; la cognata = e šurákinja; il genero = o džamutró; la nuora = e borí.





L'ABITAZIONE = O LODIPÉ

La tenda = e tsáhra; la parte posteriore della tenda= e pódži; il palo centrale, la trave = o beránd; i picchetti = e čilé; la roulotte = e kampína; il carrozzone = e arabáva; la ruota = o kólo; la casa = o čher; l'appartamento = o stáno; la stanza = e sóba; la porta = o vudár; il lucchetto = o katántso; la chiave = o kjúčo; la finestra = e phendžeráva; il vetro = o stáklo; il muro = o zído; la soffitta = o taváno; il pavimento = o pódo; la luce = o svétlo; la cucina = e kúnja; il tavolo = o hastáli; il carbone = o angár; la stufa = e furunáva; il fuoco = e jag; il fumo = o thuv; i fiammiferi = e šíbitse; la brace = o záro; la cenere = o práxo; lo spiedo = o rážnjo; il piatto = o čaró; la tazza = o fidžáno; il bicchiere = e čáša; il cucchiaio = o řoj; la forchetta = o pirúno; il coltello = e čurí; la tanica = e búšma; la bottiglia = e bótsa; il divano = o dušéko; il letto = o krevéto; il tappeto = e serdžáda; il cuscino = o šeránd; le lenzuola = e učharnjá (?); la coperta = e déka; la cassa = o kuféri; il pettine = e khanglí; il rasoio = o brznáko, o džiléto; le forbici = e kat; il sapone = o sapúj; l'asciugamano = e peškíri; la scopa = e métla; la cantina = o pódromo; il cortile = e dvórišta.





LA CITTÁ = O FÓRO

Il palazzo = o baró čher; la casa = o čher; la chiesa = e khandžerí; la scuola = e škóla; il municipio = e ópština; l'ospedale = e bólnitsa; il manicomio = e lúdnitsa; il carcere= o phandipé; la stazione = e stánitsa; il treno = e mašína; la ferrovia = e štréke (i binari); il negozio = e zádruga; la panetteria (il panettiere) = o marnári ; la latteria ( il lattaio) = o thudári ; la macelleria (il macellaio) = o masári ; il mercato = e píatsa; l'hotel = o hótel; il bar = e gostjóna, e kafenjáva; il cimitero = e lemójra; il cinema = o kíno; la strada = o drom; la piazza = e píatsa; il giardino = o párko; l'automobile = o ávto; il camion = o kamjóno; la bicicletta = o bitsíklo.





IN CAMPAGNA ED AL MARE = AN E GAVÁ THE PÁŠA E MÓRA

La natura = e príroda; il paese, il villaggio = o gav; la montagna = o búrdo; la collina = o burdořó; la valle = e xar; la pietra = o bar; il campo = e njíva; l'erba = e čar, il fieno = o khas; la paglia = o phus; il prato = e umál; il bosco, la foresta = o voš; l'albero = o kaš; il fiore = e luludžín; la foglia = e patrín; la vigna = e draká; il pozzo = o ubló; la fontana = e česmáva; la grotta = o xivadó bar; il fiume = e len; il ponte = e prud; il lago = o jezéri; la stalla = e štála; il pollaio = e khanjángi štála; il mare = e móra; la sabbia = e šišáj; la barca = e bárka, o čámtso; il deserto = e púštinja.





LE PERSONE = E ŘOMÁ

Il re = o tsáro, o králjo; il capo = o šéfo; il sedentario = o gadžó; l'amico, il compagno = o amál, o drugári; l'amica = e drugáritsa; il fidanzato = o ljubámniko; la (promessa) sposa = e mláda; il (promesso) sposo = o mladozénja; la sposa = e borí; il vedovo = o udóvso; la vedova = e udovítsa; il passante, il viaggiatore = o pútniko; il giovane = o ternó; il vecchio = o phuró; il ricco = o barvaló; il povero = o čoró; il lavoratore = o rádniko; il ladro = o čor; l'assassino = o řom (gadžó) kaj mudarél; il testimone = o sjedóko; il carcerato, il prigioniero = o phangló; l'evaso = o našadó; la prostituta = e kúrva; la strega = e džoxaní; sano = sastó; malato = nasvaló; pazzo = diló; cieco = kořó; muto = mútavo; sordo = kašukó; zoppo, storpio = bangó; gobbo = grbavo; ubriaco = mató; bugiardo = xoxamnó.





I MESTIERI E GLI ATTREZZI = E BUČJÁ THE O HALÁTO

Il fabbro = o kováči; la chiromante = e řomní kaj doračarél; la chiromanzia = o doračaripé; il musicista = o řom (gadžó) kaj bašavél; il violino = e vjolína, e čemáne (?); la musica = e múzika; il giudice = o súdja; l'avvocato = o avokáto; il maestro = o učítelji; il medico = o ljekári; il poliziotto, il carabiniere = o loló, o pořaló, o pačardó, o džandáro; il contadino = o gadžó kaj oríl e phuv, o seljáko; il pastore = o čobánino; il pescatore = o mačhári; il commerciante = o zadrugári; il macellaio = o masári; il panettiere = o marnári; il sarto = o suvári; la stoffa = o štófo; il cibattino = o gadžó kaj lačarél e kóndura; il falegname = o gadžó kaj radíl o kaš; il giornalista = o novinári; il soldato = o vojníko; il sindaco = o baró gadžó e gavéhko; l'oste = o konobári; il servo = o slúga; la serva = e slúga.





IL CIBO = O XAPÉ

La minestra (con carne) = e zumí; la minestrina, il brodo = e súpa; la farina = o aró; il pane = o mařnó; la pasta = o xumér; il sale = o lon; l'olio = o úlje; l'aceto = o serčéto; la cipolla = e purúm; l'aglio = e sir; lo zucchero = o sičéri; il miele = o avdžín; il burro = o čil; il lardo = o koj; la carne = o mas; il prosciutto = o balikanó (mas); il salame = e saláma; l'uovo = o arnó; il pesce = o maćó; le patate = e kompíra; il cavolo = o šax; i fagioli = e fusujá; i piselli, le lenticchie = e gráškúri; l'insalata = e saláta; il pomodoro = o patlidžáno; il peperone = o pipéri; il grano = o dživ; il granoturco = o bóbo; il riso = o rézo; il formaggio = o čirál; la mela = e phabáj; la pera = o ambról; l'uva = e drak; la pesca = e bréska; la ciliegia = e čiréš; la noce = o akhór; la nocciola = e pexénd; la torta = o marnó gudló; l'acqua = o paj; il vino = e mol; la birra = e píva; il latte = o thud; il té = o čaj; il caffč = e kafáva; l'acquavite = e račíja.





L'ABBIGLIAMENTO = E PATAVÉ

Il cappello = o šešíri; il berretto = e čhadží; il fez = o fézo; il turbante = o turbáno; gli orecchini = e čejá; il fazzoletto da testa (foulard) = o dikhló; la camicia = o gad; la camicetta = e blúza, o koparáno; il mantello = e mántla, e kabánitsa; il cappotto, la giacca = o kapóto; la gonna = o fistáno; i pantaloni (da donna) = e dimíje; i pantaloni (da uomo) = e pantóle; le mutande = e sostejá; la cintura = o kajíši; la tasca = e póski; le calze = e čarápe; le stringhe = e snúre; il fazzoletto = e fartsúla; il bottone = e pulía; l'anello = e angrustí; la borsa = e tášna, e késa; il borsellino = e čisí.





GLI ANIMALI = E DŽIVINÉ

Il cane = o džukél, o džučél; la cagna = e džuklí; il gatto = e máčka; l'uccello = e čiriklí; la colomba = e golúbitsa; il pappagallo = o papagáj; il cavallo = o grah (obl. grast-); il puledro = o khurořó; la cavalla = e grasní; la mucca = e gurumní; il bue, il toro= o gurúv; l'asino = o džoró; il maiale = o baló; la scrofa = e balí; la capra = e busní; il montone = o bakró; l'agnello = o bakró; la pecora = e bakrí; il coniglio = o šošój; la lepre = o šošój dívo; la gallina = e khanjí; il gallo = o basnó; il pulcino = o plso; l'anatra, l'oca= e pátka; il lupo = o ruv; il topo = o mišjáko; la tigre = e tigre; l'elefante = o slóno; la giraffa, il cammello = e déva; il ragno = o karpélji; la mosca = e mak; l'ape = o bindavóri; la zanzara = e komarítsa; la formica = e čir; il verme = o čermó; il pesce = o mačó; il riccio = o jézo; il serpente = o sap; la rana, il rospo= e žambúka; la zampa = o prnó; la coda = e purí; le corna = e šingá; la criniera = e gríva; le piume = e perúške.





IL CORPO UMANO = O TIJÉLO E MANUŠÉHKO

Il corpo = o tijélo; il sangue = o rat; l'osso = o kókalo; la pelle = e murčí; il neo = o biljégo; i peli = e bal; la testa = o šoró; il teschio = o šoró kostuléhko; i capelli = e bal; la treccia = e pletenítsa; la fronte = o čikát; l'occhio = o jak; il naso = o nak; i baffi = e mustáka; la barba = e bráda; l'orecchio = o kan; la guancia = e čam; il labbro = o vuš; il dente = o dand; la lingua = e čhib; la gola = o krló; il collo = o kor; la spalla (trapezio) = o dumó; la spalla = e pjéška; il braccio = o vah (obl. vast-); la mano = o vah (obl. vast-); il dito = o naj; l'unghia = e vúndži; il dorso, la spina dorsale= e kíčma; la schiena (parti laterali) = e zejá; il petto = o kolín; le mammelle = e čučá; il cuore = o iló, o uljó; il polmone = o bukó; il fegato = o bukó; il ventre = o poř; lo stomaco = o odží; il rene = o bubréko; gli intestini = e pořá; il pene = o kar; i testicoli = e pelé; la vagina = e mindž; la coscia = o búto; la gamba = o prnó; il ginocchio = e čang; il piede = o prnó.





IL TEMPO = O VRIJÉME

Il giorno = o dživé; la settimana = o kurkó; il mese = o čhon; l'anno = o brš; l'ora = e saháto; il minuto = o minútor; la festa = e sláva; la domenica = o kurkó; la festa di San Giorgio (6 maggio) = o Džúrževdan; l'anno nuovo = o nevó brš; ieri = aračí; domani = tehára; mattina, domattina = o teharín; oggi = adživé; l'altro ieri = o gujárači; dopodomani = o avér tehára; il pomeriggio, la sera= pašaračáti; la notte= e ajrát; presto = brzo; la mattina presto = ráno; tardi = kásno; mezzogiorno = o pašdživé, e pódne; mezzanotte = o pašorját; l'alba = e zóra; l'estate = o miláj; l'autunno = o jésen; l'inverno = o vijénd; la primavera = e prolijéće; il tempo atmosferico = o vrijéme; la pioggia = o bršín; il vento = e barvál; la neve = o jiv; sereno = šukár dživé; caldo = tató; freddo = šilaló, šudró; umido =čingó; la brina = e rósa.





IL CIELO = O ÓBLAKO

Il cielo = o óblako; la terra = e phuv; il sole = o kham; la luna = o čhon; le stelle = e čehrajá; l'ombra = e sénka; la nuvola = o óblako; il fulmine, il tuono= o grómo.





LA RELIGIONE = E DEVLIKANÉ SVÁTURI

Dio = o Del; il diavolo = o džávolo, o beng; la madonna = e Góspa; il santo = o svétso; la santa = e svétinja; la chiesa = e khandžerí; la moschea = e džamíja; il prete = o pópo; il "sacerdote" musulmano = o hódža; la croce = o krsto; il matrimonio = o abjiáv; il funerale = o spróvod; la preghiera = e molítva; la candela = e memelí; il pellegrino (alla Mecca) = o hadžíja; devoto = pobózno (?); lo Spirito Santo = o Svéto Dúho.





I COLORI = E BOJÁVE

bianco = parnó; nero = kaló; rosso = loló; giallo = gálbeno; blu, azzurro= plávo; rosa = rúmeno; verde = zéleno; biondo = gálbeno.

I colori dei cavalli = e grasténge bojáve

grigio = álato; bajo = šáreno; grigioverde = zélenko; isabella = dórato; pezzato = biljégo; sauro chiaro = vrántso; sauro scuro = zéčkasto.





I METALLI = E KÓVINE

L'argento = o rup; argenteo = rupanó; l'oro = o sumnakáj; (di color) oro = sumnakunó; il ferro = o sástri; il rame = e xárkuma.
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GIPSY WORDS WHICH HAVE PASSED INTO ENGLISH SLANG.

Jockey.—Tool.—Cove or Covey.—Hook, Hookey, and Walker, Hocus, Hanky-Panky, and Hocus-Pocus.—Shindy.—Row.—Chivvy.—Bunged Eye.—Shavers.—Clichy.—Caliban.—A Rum ’un.—Pal.—Trash.—Cadger.—Cad.—Bosh.—Bats.—Chee-chee.—The Cheese.—Chiv Fencer.—Cooter.—Gorger.—Dick.—Dook.—Tanner.—Drum.—Gibberish.—Ken.—Lil.—Loure.—Loafer.—Maunder.—Moke.—Parny.—Posh.—Queer. Raclan.—Bivvy.—Rigs.—Moll.—Distarabin.—Tiny.—Toffer.—Tool.—Punch.—Wardo.—Voker (one of Mr Hotten’s Gipsy words).—Welcher.—Yack.—Lushy.—A Mull.—Pross.—Toshers.—Up to Trap.—Barney.—Beebee.—Cull, Culley.—Jomer.—Bloke.—Duffer.—Niggling.—Mug.—Bamboozle, Slang, and Bite.—Rules to be observed in determining the Etymology of Gipsy Words.

Though the language of the Gipsies has been kept a great secret for centuries, still a few words have in England oozed out here and there from some unguarded crevice, and become a portion of our tongue. There is, it must be admitted, a great difficulty in tracing, with anything like accuracy, the real origin or identity of such expressions. Some of them came into English centuries ago, and during that time great changes have taken place in Rommany. At least one-third of the words now used by Scottish Gipsies are unintelligible to their English brothers. To satisfy myself on this point, I have examined an intelligent English Gipsy on the Scottish Gipsy vocabularies in Mr Simpson’s work, and found it was as I anticipated; a statement which will not appear incredible when it is remembered, that even the Rommany of Yetholm have a dialect marked and distinct from that of other Scotch Gipsies. As for England, numbers of the words collected by William Marsden, and Jacob Bryant, in 1784-5, Dr Bright in 1817, and by Harriott in 1830, are not known at the present day to any Gipsies whom I have met. Again, it should be remembered that the pronunciation of Rommany differs widely with individuals; thus the word which is given as cumbo, a hill, by Bryant, I have heard very distinctly pronounced choomure.

I believe that to Mr Borrow is due the discovery that the word JOCKEY is of Gipsy origin, and derived from chuckni, which means a whip. For nothing is more clearly established than that the jockey-whip was the original term in which this word first made its appearance on the turf, and that the chuckni was a peculiar form of whip, very long and heavy, first used by the Gipsies. “Jockeyism,” says Mr Borrow, “properly means the management of a whip, and the word jockey is neither more nor less than the term, slightly modified, by which they designate the formidable whips which they usually carry, and which are at present in general use among horse-traffickers, under the title of jockey-whips.” In Hungary and Germany the word occurs as tschuckini or chookni, and tschupni.

Many of my readers are doubtless familiar with the word to TOOL as applied to dexterously managing the reins and driving horses. ‘To tool the horses down the road,’ is indeed rather a fine word of its class, being as much used in certain clubs as in stables, and often denotes stylish and gentlemanly driving. And the term is without the slightest modification, either of pronunciation or meaning, directly and simply Gipsy, and is used by Gipsies in the same way. It has, however, in Rommany, as a primitive meaning—to hold, or to take. Thus I have heard of a feeble old fellow that “he could not tool himself togetherus”—for which last word, by the way, kettenus might have been more correctly substituted.

COVE is not an elegant, though a very old, word, but it is well known, and I have no doubt as to its having come from the Gipsy. In Rommany, all the world over, cova means “a thing,” but it is almost indefinite in its applicability. “It is,” says Pott, “a general helper on all occasions; is used as substantive and adjective, and has a far wider scope than the Latin res.” Thus covo may mean “that man;” covi, “that woman;” and covo or cuvvo, as it very often does in English, “that, there.” It sometimes appears in the word acovat, or this. There is no expression more frequent in a Gipsy’s mouth, and it is precisely the one which would be probably overheard by “Gorgios” and applied to persons. I believe that it first made its appearance in English slang as covey, and was then pronounced cúvvy, being subsequently abbreviated into cove.

Quite a little family of words has come into English from the Rommany, Hocben, huckaben, hokkeny, or hooker, all meaning a lie, or to lie, deception and humbug. Mr Borrow shows us that hocus, to “bewitch” liquor with an opiate, and hoax, are probably Rommany from this root, and I have no doubt that the expression, “Yes, with a hook,” meaning “it is false,” comes from the same. The well-known “Hookey” who corresponds so closely with his untruthful and disreputable pal “Walker,” is decidedly of the streets—gipsy. In German Gipsy we find chochavav and hochewawa, and in Roumanian Gipsy kokao—a lie. Hanky-panky and Hocus-pocus are each one half almost pure Hindustani. 81

A SHINDY approaches so nearly in sound to the Gipsy word chingaree, which means precisely the same thing, that the suggestion is at least worth consideration. And it also greatly resembles chindi, which may be translated as “cutting up,” and also quarrel. “To cut up shindies” was the first form in which this extraordinary word reached the public. In the original Gipsy tongue the word to quarrel is chinger-av, meaning also (Pott, Zigeuner, p. 209) to cut, hew, and fight, while to cut is chinav. “Cutting up” is, if the reader reflects, a very unmeaning word as applied to outrageous or noisy pranks; but in Gipsy, whether English, German, or Oriental, it is perfectly sensible and logical, involving the idea of quarrelling, separating, dividing, cutting, and stabbing. What, indeed, could be more absurd than the expression “cutting up shines,” unless we attribute to shine its legitimate Gipsy meaning of a piece cut off, and its cognate meaning, a noise?

I can see but little reason for saying that a man cut away or that he shinned it, for run away, unless we have recourse to Gipsy, though I only offer this as a mere suggestion.

“Applico” to shindy we have the word ROW, meaning nearly the same thing and as nearly Gipsy in every respect as can be. It is in Gipsy at the present day in England, correctly, rov, or roven—to cry—but v and w are so frequently transposed that we may consider them as the same letter. Rāw or me rauaw, “I howl” or “cry,” is German Gipsy. Rowan is given by Pott as equivalent to the Latin ululatus, which constituted a very respectable row as regards mere noise. “Rowdy” comes from “row” and both are very good Gipsy in their origin. In Hindustani Rao mut is “don’t cry!”

CHIVVY is a common English vulgar word, meaning to goad, drive, vex, hunt, or throw as it were here and there. It is purely Gipsy, and seems to have more than one root. Chiv, chib, or chipe, in Rommany, mean a tongue, inferring scolding, and chiv anything sharp-pointed, as for instance a dagger, or goad or knife. But the old Gipsy word chiv-av among its numerous meanings has exactly that of casting, throwing, pitching, and driving. To chiv in English Gipsy means as much and more than to fix in America, in fact, it is applied to almost any kind of action.

It may be remarked in this connection, that in German or continental Gipsy, which represents the English in a great measure as it once was, and which is far more perfect as to grammar, we find different words, which in English have become blended into one. Thus, chib or chiv, a tongue, and tschiwawa (or chiv-ava), to lay, place, lean, sow, sink, set upright, move, harness, cover up, are united in England into chiv, which embraces the whole. “Chiv it āpré” may be applied to throwing anything, to covering it up, to lifting it, to setting it, to pushing it, to circulating, and in fact to a very great number of similar verbs.

There is, I think, no rational connection between the BUNG of a barrel and an eye which has been closed by a blow. One might as well get the simile from a knot in a tree or a cork in a flask. But when we reflect on the constant mingling of Gipsies with prizefighters, it is almost evident that the word BONGO may have been the origin of it. A bongo yakko or yak, means a distorted, crooked, or, in fact, a bunged eye. It also means lame, crooked, or sinister, and by a very singular figure of speech, Bongo Tem or the Crooked Land is the name for hell. 83

SHAVERS, as a quaint nick-name for children, is possibly inexplicable, unless we resort to Gipsy, where we find it used as directly as possible. Chavo is the Rommany word for child all the world over, and the English term chavies, in Scottish Gipsy shavies, or shavers, leaves us but little room for doubt. I am not aware to what extent the term “little shavers” is applied to children in England, but in America it is as common as any cant word can be.

I do not know the origin of the French word CLICHY, as applied to the noted prison of that name, but it is perhaps not undeserving the comment that in Continental Gipsy it means a key and a bolt.

I have been struck with the fact that CALIBAN, the monster in “The Tempest,” by Shakespeare, has an appellation which literally signifies blackness in Gipsy. In fact, this very word, or Cauliban, is given in one of the Gipsy vocabularies for “black.” Kaulopen or Kauloben would, however, be more correct.

“A regular RUM ’un” was the form in which the application of the word “rum” to strange, difficult, or distinguished, was first introduced to the British public. This, I honestly believe (as Mr Borrow indicates), came from Rum or Rom, a Gipsy. It is a peculiar word, and all of its peculiarities might well be assumed by the sporting Gipsy, who is always, in his way, a character, gifted with an indescribable self-confidence, as are all “horsey” men characters, “sports” and boxers, which enables them to keep to perfection the German eleventh commandment, “Thou shall not let thyself be bluffed!”—i.e., abashed.

PAL is a common cant word for brother or friend, and it is purely Gipsy, having come directly from that language, without the slightest change. On the Continent it is prala, or pral. In England it sometimes takes the form “pel.”

TRASH is derived by Mr Wedgwood (Dictionary of English Etymology, 1872) from the old word trousse, signifying the clipping of trees. But in old Gipsy or in the German Gipsy of the present day, as in the Turkish Rommany, it means so directly “fear, mental weakness and worthlessness,” that it may possibly have had a Rommany origin. Terror in Gipsy is trash, while thirst is trush, and both are to be found in the Hindustani. Tras, which means thirst and alarm or terror.

It should be observed that in no instance can these Gipsy words have been borrowed from English slang. They are all to be found in German Gipsy, which is in its turn identical with the Rommany language of India—of the Nāts, Bhazeghurs, Doms, Multanee or Banjoree, as I find the primitive wandering Gipsies termed by different writers.

I am aware that the word CAD was applied to the conductor of an omnibus, or to a non-student at Universities, before it became a synonym for vulgar fellow, yet I believe that it was abbreviated from cadger, and that this is simply the Gipsy word Gorgio, which often means a man in the abstract. I have seen this word printed as gorger in English slang. CODGER, which is common, is applied, as Gipsies use the term Gorgio, contemptuously, and it sounds still more like it.

BOSH, signifying nothing, or in fact empty humbug, is generally credited to the Turkish language, but I can see no reason for going to the Turks for what the Gipsies at home already had, in all probability, from the same Persian source, or else from the Sanskrit. With the Gipsies, bosh is a fiddle, music, noise, barking, and very often an idle sound or nonsense. “Stop your bosherin,” or “your bosh,” is what they would term flickin lav, or current phrase.

“BATS,” a low term for a pair of boots, especially bad ones, is, I think, from the Gipsy and Hindustani pat, a foot, generally called, however, by the Rommany in England, Tom Pats. “To pad the hoof,” and “to stand pad “—the latter phrase meaning to stand upright, or to stand and beg, are probably derived from pat. It should be borne in mind that Gipsies, in all countries, are in the habit of changing certain letters, so that p and b, like l and n, or k and g hard, may often be regarded as identical.

“CHEE-CHEE,” “be silent!” or “fie,” is termed “Anglo-Indian,” by the author of the Slang Dictionary, but we need not go to India of the present day for a term which is familiar to every Gipsy and “traveller” in England, and which, as Mr Simson discovered long ago, is an excellent “spell” to discourage the advances of thimble-riggers and similar gentry, at fairs, or in public places.

CHEESE, or “THE CHEESE,” meaning that anything is pre-eminent or superior; in fact, “the thing,” is supposed by many to be of gipsy origin because Gipsies use it, and it is to be found as “chiz” in Hindustani, in which language it means a thing. Gipsies do not, however, seem to regard it themselves, as tacho or true Rommanis, despite this testimony, and I am inclined to think that it partly originated in some wag’s perversion of the French word chose.

In London, a man who sells cutlery in the streets is called a CHIVE FENCER, a term evidently derived from the Gipsy chiv, a sharp-pointed instrument or knife. A knife is also called a chiv by the lowest class all over England.

COUTER or COOTER is a common English slang term for a guinea. It was not necessary for the author of the Slang Dictionary to go to the banks of the Danube for the origin of a word which is in the mouths of all English Gipsies, and which was brought to England by their ancestors. A sovereign, a pound, in Gipsy, is a bar.

A GORGER, meaning a gentleman, or well-dressed man, and in theatrical parlance, a manager, is derived by the author of the Slang Dictionary—absurdly enough, it must be confessed—from “gorgeous,”—a word with which it has no more in common than with gouges or chisels. A gorger or gorgio—the two are often confounded—is the common Gipsy word for one who is not Gipsy, and very often means with them a rye or gentleman, and indeed any man whatever. Actors sometimes call a fellow-performer a cully-gorger.

DICK, an English slang word for sight, or seeing, is purely Gipsy in its origin, and in common use by Rommanis over all the world.

DOOK, to tell fortunes, and DOOKING, fortune-telling, are derived by the writer last cited, correctly enough, from the Gipsy dukkerin,—a fact which I specify, since it is one of the very rare instances in which he has not blundered when commenting on Rommany words, or other persons’ works.

Mr Borrow has told us that a TANNER or sixpence, sometimes called a Downer, owes its pseudonym to the Gipsy word tawno or tano, meaning “little”—the sixpence being the little coin as compared with a shilling.

DRUM or DROM, is the common English Gipsy word for a road. In English slang it is applied, not only to highways, but also to houses.

If the word GIBBERISH was, as has been asserted, first applied to the language of the Gipsies, it may have been derived either from “Gip,” the nickname for Gipsy, with ish or rish appended as in Engl-ish, I-rish, or from the Rommany word Jib signifying a language.

KEN, a low term for a house, is possibly of Gipsy origin. The common word in every Rommany dialect for a house is, however, neither ken nor khan, but Ker.

LIL, a book, a letter, has passed from the Gipsies to the low “Gorgios,” though it is not a very common word. In Rommany it can be correctly applied only to a letter or a piece of paper, which is written on, though English Gipsies call all books by this name, and often speak of a letter as a Chinamāngri.

LOUR or LOWR, and LOAVER, are all vulgar terms for money, and combine two Gipsy words, the one lovo or lovey, and the other loure, to steal. The reason for the combination or confusion is obvious. The author of the Slang Dictionary, in order to explain this word, goes as usual to the Wallachian Gipsies, for what he might have learned from the first tinker in the streets of London. I should remark on the word loure, that Mr Borrow has shown its original identity with loot, the Hindustani for plunder or booty.

I believe that the American word loafer owes something to this Gipsy root, as well as to the German laufer (landlaufer), and Mexican Spanish galeofar, and for this reason, that when the term first began to be popular in 1834 or 1835, I can distinctly remember that it meant to pilfer. Such, at least, is my earliest recollection, and of hearing school boys ask one another in jest, of their acquisitions or gifts, “Where did you loaf that from?” A petty pilferer was a loafer, but in a very short time all of the tribe of loungers in the sun, and disreputable pickers up of unconsidered trifles, now known as bummers, were called loafers. On this point my memory is positive, and I call attention to it, since the word in question has been the subject of much conjecture in America.

It is a very curious fact, that while the word loot is unquestionably Anglo-Indian, and only a recent importation into our English “slanguage,” it has always been at the same time English-Gipsy, although it never rose to the surface.

MAUNDER, to stroll about and beg, has been derived from Mand, the Anglo-Saxon for a basket, but is quite as likely to have come from Maunder, the Gipsy for “to beg.” Mumper, a beggar, is also from the same source.

MOKE, a donkey, is said to be Gipsy, by Mr Hotten, but Gipsies themselves do not use the word, nor does it belong to their usual language. The proper Rommany word for an ass is myla.

PARNY, a vulgar word for rain, is supposed to have come into England from the “Anglo-Indian” source, but it is more likely that it was derived from the Gipsy panni or water. “Brandy pawnee” is undoubtedly an Anglo-Indian word, but it is used by a very different class of people from those who know the meaning of Parny.

POSH, which has found its way into vulgar popularity, as a term for small coins, and sometimes for money in general, is the diminutive of the Gipsy word pāshero or poshero, a half-penny, from pāsh a half, and haura or hārra, a penny.

QUEER, meaning across, cross, contradictory, or bad, is “supposed” to be the German word quer, introduced by the Gipsies. In their own language atut means across or against, though to curry (German and Turkish Gipsy kurava), has some of the slang meaning attributed to queer. An English rogue will say, “to shove the queer,” meaning to pass counterfeit money, while the Gipsy term would be to chiv wafri lovvo, or lovey.

“RAGLAN, a married woman, originally Gipsy, but now a term with English tramps” (The Slang Dictionary, London 1865). In Gipsy, raklo is a youth or boy, and rakli, a girl; Arabic, ragol, a man. I am informed, on good authority, that these words are known in India, though I cannot find them in dictionaries. They are possibly transposed from Lurka a youth and lurki a girl, such transpositions being common among the lowest classes in India.

RUMMY or RUMY, as applied to women, is simply the Gipsy word romi, a contraction of romni, a wife; the husband being her rom.

BIVVY for beer, has been derived from the Italian bevere, but it is probably Gipsy, since in the old form of the latter language, Biava or Piava, means to drink. To pivit, is still known among English Gipsies.

RIGS—running one’s rigs is said to be Gipsy, but the only meaning of rig, so far as I am able to ascertain in Rommany, is a side or an edge. It is, however, possible that one’s side may in earlier times have been equivalent to “face, or encounter.” To rikker or rigger in Gipsy, is to carry anything.

MOLL, a female companion, is probably merely the nickname for Mary, but it is worth observing, that Mal in old Gipsy, or in German Gipsy, means an associate, and Mahar a wife, in Hindustani.

STASH, to be quiet, to stop, is, I think, a variation of the common Gipsy word hatch, which means precisely the same thing, and is derived from the older word atchava.

STURABAN, a prison, is purely Gipsy. Mr Hotten says it is from the Gipsy distarabin, but there is no such word beginning with dis, in the English Rommany dialect. In German Gipsy a prison is called stillapenn.

TINY or TEENY has been derived from the Gipsy tāno, meaning “little.”

TOFFER, a woman who is well dressed in new clean clothes, probably gets the name from the Gipsy tove, to wash (German Gipsy Tovava). She is, so to speak, freshly washed. To this class belong Toff, a dandy; Tofficky, dressy or gay, and Toft, a dandy or swell.

TOOL as applied to stealing, picking pockets, and burglary, is, like tool, to drive with the reins; derived beyond doubt from the Gipsy word tool, to take or hold. In all the Continental Rommany dialects it is Tulliwawa.

PUNCH, it is generally thought, is Anglo-Indian, derived directly from the Hindustani Pantch or five, from the five ingredients which enter into its composition, but it may have partially got its name from some sporting Gipsy in whose language the word for five is the same as in Sanskrit. There have been thousands of “swell” Rommany chals who have moved in sporting circles of a higher class than they are to be found in at the present day.

“VARDO formerly was Old Cant for a waggon” (The Slang Dictionary). It may be added that it is pure Gipsy, and is still known at the present day to every Rom in England. In Turkish Gipsy, Vordon means a vehicle, in German Gipsy, Wortin.

“Can you VOKER Rommany?” is given by Mr Hotten as meaning “Can you speak Gipsy,”—but there is no such word in Rommany as voker. He probably meant “Can you rākker”—pronounced very often Roker. Continental Gipsy Rakkervava. Mr Hotten derives it from the Latin Vocare!

I do not know the origin of WELCHER, a betting cheat, but it is worthy of remark that in old Gipsy a Walshdo or Welsher meant a Frenchman (from the German Wälsch) or any foreigner of the Latin races.

YACK, a watch, probably received its name from the Gipsy Yak an eye, in the old times when watches were called bull’s eyes.

LUSHY, to be tipsy, and LUSH, are attributed for their origin to the name of Lushington, a once well-known London brewer, but when we find Losho and Loshano in a Gipsy dialect, meaning jolly, from such a Sanskrit root as Lush; as Paspati derives it, there seems to be some ground for supposing the words to be purely Rommany. Dr Johnson said of lush that it was “opposite to pale,” and this curiously enough shows its first source, whether as a “slang” word or as indicative of colour, since one of its early Sanskrit meanings is light or radiance. This identity of the so regarded vulgar and the refined, continually confronts us in studying Rommany.

“To make a MULL of anything,” meaning thereby to spoil or confuse it, if it be derived, as is said, from the Gipsy, must have come from Mullo meaning dead, and the Sanskrit Mara. There is, however, no such Gipsy word as mull, in the sense of entangling or spoiling.

PROSS is a theatrical slang word, meaning to instruct and train a tyro. As there are several stage words of manifest Gipsy origin, I am inclined to derive this from the old Gipsy Priss, to read. In English Gipsy Prasser or Pross means to ridicule or scorn. Something of this is implied in the slang word Pross, since it also means “to sponge upon a comrade,” &c., “for drink.”

TOSHERS are in English low language, “men who steal copper from ship’s bottoms.” I cannot form any direct connection between this word and any in English Gipsy, but it is curious that in Turkish Gipsy Tasi is a cup, and in Turkish Persian it means, according to Paspati, a copper basin used in the baths. It is as characteristic of English Gipsy as of any of its cognate dialects, that we often find lurking in it the most remarkable Oriental fragments, which cannot be directly traced through the regular line of transmission.

UP TO TRAP means, in common slang, intelligent. It is worth observing, that in Gipsy, drab or trap (which words were pronounced alike by the first Gipsies who came from Germany to England), is used for medicine or poison, and the employment of the latter is regarded, even at the present, as the greatest Rommany secret. Indeed, it is only a few days since a Gipsy said to me, “If you know drab, you’re up to everything; for there’s nothing goes above that.” With drab the Gipsy secures game, fish, pigs, and poultry; he quiets kicking horses until they can be sold; and last, not least, kills or catches rats and mice. As with the Indians of North America, medicine—whether to kill or cure—is to the Gipsy the art of arts, and those who affect a knowledge of it are always regarded as the most intelligent. It is, however, remarkable, that the Gipsy, though he lives in fields and woods, is, all the world over, far inferior to the American Indian as regards a knowledge of the properties of herbs or minerals. One may pick the first fifty plants which he sees in the woods, and show them to the first Indian whom he meets, with the absolute certainty that the latter will give him a name for every one, and describe in detail their qualities and their use as remedies. The Gipsy seldom has a name for anything of the kind. The country people in America, and even the farmers’ boys, have probably inherited by tradition much of this knowledge from the aborigines.

BARNEY, a mob or crowd, may be derived from the Gipsy baro, great or many, which sometimes takes the form of barno or barni, and which suggests the Hindustani Bahrna “to increase, proceed, to gain, to be promoted;” and Bharná, “to fill, to satisfy, to be filled, &c.”—(Brice’s “Hindústání and English Dictionary.” London, Trübner & Co., 1864).

BEEBEE, which the author of the Slang Dictionary declares means a lady, and is “Anglo-Indian,” is in general use among English Gipsies for aunt. It is also a respectful form of address to any middle-aged woman, among friends.

CULL or CULLY, meaning a man or boy, in Old English cant, is certainly of Gipsy origin. Chulai signifies man in Spanish Gipsy (Borrow), and Khulai a gentleman, according to Paspati; in Turkish Rommany—a distinction which the word cully often preserves in England, even when used in a derogatory sense, as of a dupe.

JOMER, a sweetheart or female favourite, has probably some connection in derivation with choomer, a kiss, in Gipsy.

BLOKE, a common coarse word for a man, may be of Gipsy origin; since, as the author of the Slang Dictionary declares, it may be found in Hindustani, as Loke. “Lok, people, a world, region.”—(“Brice’s Hind. Dictionary.”) Bala’ lok, a gentleman.

A DUFFER, which is an old English cant term, expressive of contempt for a man, may be derived from the Gipsy Adovo, “that,” “that man,” or “that fellow there.” Adovo is frequently pronounced almost like “a duffer,” or “a duvva.”

NIGGLING, which means idling, wasting time, doing anything slowly, may be derived from some other Indo-European source, but in English Gipsy it means to go slowly, “to potter along,” and in fact it is the same as the English word. That it is pure old Rommany appears from the fact that it is to be found as Niglavava in Turkish Gipsy, meaning “I go,” which is also found in Nikliovava and Nikaváva, which are in turn probably derived from the Hindustani Nikalná, “To issue, to go forth or out,” &c. (Brice, Hind. Dic.) Niggle is one of the English Gipsy words which are used in the East, but which I have not been able to find in the German Rommany, proving that here, as in other countries, certain old forms have been preserved, though they have been lost where the vocabulary is far more copious, and the grammar much more perfect.

MUG, a face, is derived by Mr Wedgwood from the Italian MOCCA, a mocking or apish mouth (Dictionary of English Etymology), but in English Gipsy we have not only mui, meaning the face, but the older forms from which the English word was probably taken, such as Māk’h (Paspati), and finally the Hindustani Mook and the Sanskrit Mukha, mouth or face (Shakespeare, Hind. Dic., p. 745). In all cases where a word is so “slangy” as mug, it seems more likely that it should have been derived from Rommany than from Italian, since it is only within a few years that any considerable number of the words of the latter language was imparted to the lower classes of London.

BAMBOOZLE, BITE, and SLANG are all declared by the author of the Slang Dictionary to be Gipsy, but, with the exception of the last word, I am unable to verify their Rommany origin. Bambhorna does indeed mean in Hindustani (Brice), “to bite or to worry,” and bamboo-bakshish to deceive by paying with a whipping, while swang, as signifying mimicking, acting, disguise and sham, whether of words or deeds, very curiously conveys the spirit of the word slang. As for bite I almost hesitate to suggest the possibility of a connection between it and Bidorna, to laugh at. I offer not only these three suggested derivations, but also most of the others, with every reservation. For many of these words, as for instance bite, etymologists have already suggested far more plausible and more probable derivations, and if I have found a place for Rommany “roots,” it is simply because what is the most plausible, and apparently the most probable, is not always the true origin. But as I firmly believe that there is much more Gipsy in English, especially in English slang and cant, than the world is aware of, I think it advisable to suggest what I can, leaving to abler philologists the task of testing its value.

Writers on such subjects err, almost without an exception, in insisting on one accurately defined and singly derived source for every word, when perhaps three or four have combined to form it. The habits of thought and methods of study followed by philologists render them especially open to this charge. They wish to establish every form as symmetrical and mathematical, where nature has been freakish and bizarre. Some years ago when I published certain poems in the broken English spoken by Germans, an American philologist, named Haldemann, demonstrated to his own satisfaction that the language which I had put into Hans Breitmann’s mouth was inaccurate, because I had not reduced it to an uniform dialect, making the same word the same in spelling and pronunciation on all occasions, when the most accurate observation had convinced me, as it must any one, that those who have only partially learned a language continually vary their methods of uttering its words.

That some words have come from one source and been aided by another, is continually apparent in English Gipsy, as for instance in the word for reins, “guiders,” which, until the Rommany reached England, was voidas. In this instance the resemblance in sound between the words undoubtedly conduced to an union. Gibberish may have come from the Gipsy, and at the same time owe something to gabble, jabber, and the old Norse or Icelandic gifra. Lush may owe something to Mr Lushington, something to the earlier English lush, or rosy, and something to the Gipsy and Sanskrit. It is not at all unlikely that the word codger owes, through cadger, a part of its being to kid, a basket, as Mr Halliwell suggests (Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, 1852), and yet come quite as directly from gorger or gorgio. “The cheese” probably has the Gipsy-Hidustani chiz for a father, and the French chose for a mother, while both originally sprung thousands of years ago in the great parting of the Aryan nations, to be united after so long a separation in a distant island in the far northern seas.

The etymologist who hesitates to adopt this principle of joint sources of derivation, will find abundant instances of something very like it in many English Gipsy words themselves, which, as belonging to a language in extreme decay, have been formed directly from different, but somewhat similarly sounding, words, in the parent German or Eastern Rommany. Thus, schukker, pretty; bi-shukker, slow; tschukko, dry, and tschororanes, secretly, have in England all united in shukár, which expresses all of their meanings.

http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/roma/egl/egl07.htm

Standardizuyimi romani qhib

STANDARDIZUYIMI
ROMANI
QHIB
ANGLOVAKARIPA
I Romani qhib si e Romengi qhib, kolaya vakarena o
Roma sar dayaki qhib. Oy phiravdili e Indiyata thay
adive arakhlola ano sa Sumnal.
Najanelpe kana o Roma lele te vakaren akaya qhib,
numay najanelpe ni angluno manush koya qhib
vakarya. Odoleske, shay te phena so i Romani qhib
si yekh may purani e qhibyenda.
Ji adive janelpe so i Romani qhib phiravdili numay
muyesta po muy thay na janelpe olako hramipe sar
sine. Amen pakya so i Romani qhib, vi angleder
hramisali, numay amen najana sar. Nani khonik ko
te mothavol amenge odova.
Zumavinde but jene te keren i Romani qhib te ovel
hramimi, numay ji adive panda na resla ko than kote
manglape te ovol. I Romani qhib panda ji adive na
dikhla dud sar so dikhena yaver qhiba, odoleske,
shay te phena so i Romani qhib panda si ani tomina
thay ajukarela ko ka tharol olako dud.
Ji adive, zumavisalo te kerolpe i Romani qhib
agyahar so sa o diyalektya te oven qalarde. Sakova
alav e diyalektesko te hraminyol thay sako te
drabarol agyahar sar vakarela. Numay, sar si
Romane diyalektya but a mashkar olende but
lokalizmya, akava sistemi ji adive na pherya odova
so ajukardilo. Akava sistemi but pumushkarya i
Romani qhib te hraminyol, thay amen manglape te
palikera sa odole manushenge so kerde thay kerena
buti vash te hraminyol i Romani qhib.
Adive, akava si vash amenge thay yaver
generaciyenge, kola ka aven pala amende, yekh
drom, kotar manglape te nakha angle thay sa so
arakha vash te lokyaryol e romana qhibyako
hramipe, manglape te mothava thay but harne
vakteste vi i Romani qhib ka hraminyol sar so
hraminena o yaver manusha para dayaki qhib.
Amen vash te kera amaro kotor e butyako vash
Romani qhib, lelem yekh yaver metoda e butyaki,
kolaya hraminena vi yaver qhiba, kola sar baza na
lele o diyalektya numay e qhibyaki gramatika, soske
i qhib siklolape kotar qhibyaki gramatika. Odoleske
vi amari qhibyaki gramatika therela yekh sistemi
kola manglape sare te kama thay te hramina agyahar
sar sikavela amend i gramatika.
Selahetin Kruezi
ROMANI ABECEDA
Vash te hraminen o Roma pere vakaripya, manglape
te theren yekh abeceda koya ka ovol loki vash sa
Roma. Vash te ovol i abeceda loki vash sa Roma,
manglape te dikhelpe save hramyensa ka hraminen o
Roma pere vakaripya ano adisutno jivdipe.
Amen gandina so sa o Roma manglape te hraminen
odole hramensa kola shay te arakhlon ani tastatura e
yekhe kompyutereski, kova si standarduno vash sa
manusha.
Amen adive jivdina ano yekh Sumnal, kote o
manusha maybut kerena buti e kompyutereya.
Dikhindoy e kompyutereski tastatura, dikha so ani
tastatura o hramaya natherena semnen upre vay tele
thay odoleske amen gandiyem, te shay, i Romani
abeceda te hraminelpe asavke hramyensa.
Amen jana so o Roma jivdinena ano sa Sumnal thay
jana vi so ano Sumnal si but abecede kolensa o
manusha hraminena olenge vakaripya.Odoleske vi
amen manglape te roda amari abeceda vash te jana te
drabara thay te hramina a agyahar vi te mukha
amare avutne generaciyenge yekh mangin kola ka
phiravenla ano olengo sumnalikano jivdipe.
Vash te janelpe kola hramya therela i Romani qhib,
manglape te hraminelpe: paramisya, gila, drame, te
nakhavenpe yaver qhibyendar literature thay odole
alavenda te kerelpe alavari kote ka dikhlyon kola
hramyensa hramisale sa akala literature vash tana
lenpe o hramya kola nani Romane.
Therindoy anglal amende sa akava so liparyem
angle, keryem yekh rodlaripa thay ko agor reslem ji
ko akava phandipa:
1. I Romani qhib manglape te hraminyol e
Latinikana Abecedaya koya si
internaciyonaluni abeceda ano Sumnal vash
hramipe.
2. I Romani abeceda manglape te therel numay o
hramya kolensa manglape te hraminyon
Romane alava. (Akate theryem po dikhipe
disave hramya kola nani ani Romani qhib thay
vash akava po buhle ka hramina po tele).
3. I Romani abeceda te ovel e hramyenda kola
natherna semnen upre vay tele ano hramya.
4. Ko Romano hramipe sakova hram manglape
te shunyarol numay yekh avazi.
5. I Romani qhib te hraminyol agyahar sar
vakaryola thay te drabaryol agyahar sar si
hramimi, biparudimi sar ko telyaripe agyahar vi
ko agor, pherde aksenteya bi kvashe
avazyensa.Akava shayipe si ani Romani
qhib soske i Romani qhib si melodikani thay
qhibyako hramipe si fonetikano.
Vash te ulava sa e Romenca amari losh, hramina po
tele e metoda kolaya ovela amari qhib
standardizuyimi thay pakya so ko avutnipe vi amari
qhib ka ovel hramimi sar so si yaver qhiba ano
Sumnal.
Vash te jana te hramina, manglape te jana amari
abeceda napal olako hramipasko sistemi napal i
romani gramatika kolaya ka hramina amari qhib
agyahar sar dendili e Devlesta.
Romani abeceda therela akala hramya:
A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k,
L l,M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v,
Y y, Z z.
Sar dikhena, ani Romani abeceda niyekh hram
natherela semnen upre vay tele sar dikhyola ano
disave qhiba. Akaya abeceda si yekh vash sa Roma
ano Sumnal thay shay te arakhenpe o hramya ano
sakasko kompyuteri bi rodindoy ano yaver thana.
Akava keryem vi odoleske so ano daktilo nani
disave hramya sar lelile ji akana thay o manusha
kola natherenay kompyuteri nashti hramaninen
Romane alava thay odoleya ol manglaype te roden
ko therela komyuteri vash te hraminen pere butya.
Amen manga sa o Roma te hraminen so pobut vash
te nakhol angli amari qhib a na te oven momkya
(slavya) e yaverkaske vi ano hramipe.
Vash te lokyara e abeceda, amen lelem sakova hram
te shunyarol yekh avazi.Yekh ulavdo dikhipe
therena o hramya - s - thay – h –kola kana avena
yekh pali yekh dena e avaze - sh - kova drabaryola
sar ko alava: shil – shudro – shov - shel ty. Akava
sistemi lelilo vi ano yaver qhiba. Akala duy hramya
ka drabara sar yekh avazi, agyahar sar kerelpe ano
Sumnal.
Amen jaqek anyem pratsav so sakova hram ka del
numay yekh avazi numay sar yaver qhano hramipe
popale nikyola e metodata, gandinyem so si po
shukar te la asavko hramipe kova si pinjardo vash
sare thay janelpe sar internaciyonaluno hram.
Ani abeceda o duyavazya th, ph, kh, qh, na
hramisale sar yekh hram, sose ano alava shunyona
duy avazya, sar misal: than, phen, kher, qhay,
odoleske ka hraminalen ulavde, sar: t thay h, p thay
h, k thay h, q thay h.
SOSKE Q A NA CH
But Roma ji adive hraminena o hram Q sar Ch,
gandindoy so akava hramipe si po loko odoleske so
agyahar hraminelpe vi pi anglikani qhib thay
mangena te ovel sar internatiyonaluni. Amen odova
na lelem odoleske so asavko hramipe na pashlola ani
Romana qhibyaki umal.
Sar yekhto, amen mothavyem so amen manga yekh
hram te mothavol yekhe avaze.
Sar duyto, ani Romani qhib nikana na avena duy
yekhayekh konsonantya yekh pali yekh thay
odoleske amen na lelem o Q sar Ch.Akava te
mothava misaleya. Kana ka hramina: chhuri, chhay,
chhavo, chhib ty.dikha so avena duy konsonante
yekh pali yekh, so na pashlola e Romana qhibyake
sisitemeya. Amen manga te kera i qhib agyahar sar
dendoy ola o Devel thay odoleske roda sar si olako
sistemi.
Akate shay te dikhen putardo so, amen te
hraminyem akala alava e hrameya q, edeya var nani
amen odova problemi: qhuri, qhay, qhavo, qhib
thay agyahar phera e qhibyake mangipya.Te puqlape
jiko soske lelem o Sh yekhethane, te moyhavav so
nikana palo sh na avela o hram – h - odoleske akate
nani amen odova problemi.
Sar dikhena, ani Romani abeceda si 24 hramya
kolensa shay te hraminelpe sa pi Romani qhib.
Te janglare vi odova so andro akala 24 hramya, duy
hramya nani romane thay vash olenge ka hramina po
tele (24-2).
HRAMENGO DIKHIPE
O hramya ulavyona ano duy grupe:
E grupenge anava ka mothava internaciyonalune
alavensa (latinikane) vash te halyolpe ano sa
Sumnal.
1. Vokalya thay
2. Konsonante.
O vokalya si: a, o, u, e, i.
O konsonante si: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r,
s, t, v, y, z.
Sar dikhena, i Romani qhib therela 5 (panj) vokalya
thay 19-2 (deshuinya-duy) konsonante.
O vokalya ulavyona ano duy grupe:
1. Sane avazune vokalya ( kovle);
2. Thule avazune vokalya ( zorale).
Sane avazune vokalya si: e, i.
Thule avazune vokalya si: a, o, u.
Po buhle vash vokalya ka vakarelpe ko ulavdo than
ani akaya pustik.Ano akava kotor e pustikako ka
vakara numay vash vokalyengo semnipe – rola ani
Romani qhib thay disave yaver vakaripya kola
manglape te khuven ano sistemi.
O vokalya ani Romani qhib therena semni rola. Ol
mothavena kova alav perela ano kova yeri thay kole
yeresko alav avela palo kova vokali.
Sar misal o sano avazuno vokali - I - mothavela so o
alav kova telaryola akale hrameya, perela ano
juvlikano yeri, sar misal: i juvli, i khani, i buzni, i
gurumni ty.
Sar dikhena, o alava telaryona e hrameya i thay
agorinyona e hrameya i. Sakova yaver qhano
hramipe si gramatikano doshalo (nominativ).
Akate na vakara vash diyalekti, numay vash
gramatika koya si yekhutni vash sa diyalektya.
Te sine o hram i so arakhlola ko agor e yekhe
alavesko odova mothavela so, o alav so avela, si ano
juvlikano yeri thay odoleya putardo dikhyola so o
hram i si hram kova mothavela e juvlikane yere.
Misal: bari phurd, lugi len, buhli phal, sasti qhay,
Diyanaki luludi, Romyaneski khani ty.
Janelpe so: i phurd, i len, i phal, i qhay, i luludi, i
khani perena juvlikane yereske thay vakarelpe:
akaya phurd, akaya len, akaya qhay, akaya luludi,
akaya khani ty.
Numay vi o alava: bari, lugi, buhli, sasti, Diyanaki,
Romyaneski ty. mothavena so palo akala alava
avena o alava kola si ano juvlikano yeri.
DOSHA KO VAKARIPA
Ji adive, sakova Rom kova vakarela i Romani qhib,
vakarela agyahar sar vakarena khere, bi gandimo so
shay ka kerel gramatikani dosh ko vakaripa.
Agyahar but hramonde kola hraminena pi romani
qhib, hraminena agyahar so dena priyoriteti pere
diyalekteske bi gandimo so i Romani qhib manglape
te ovel standardizuyimi, kote manglape sa o Roma
ano Sumnal te halyon yekhe yavre agyahar sar
halyona yaver thema.
Khonik namanglape te holanol vay te ovel egoyisti
(kana si o puqipa yekha nasiyaki qhib, koya
manglape te ovel sarenengi qhib), vash tana mukel te
ovel agyahar sar dendili umaluni.Amen sare
manglape te dikha sar sikavela amende i gramatika
vash te kera amari qhib agyahar sar manglape.
Te theryem respekti e gramatikake (so manglape te
thera, soske yaver drom nani vash te siklolpe i
romani qhib), amen sig ka kera amari qhib agyahar
sar kerda o yaver thema.
Akana ka mothava disave misalya kote kerena o
Roma gramatikane dosha ko vakaripa thay akava
janindoy na dena shayipe te laqaryol i romani
qhib.Odoleske amen ani akaya pustik mothava vash
te dikhyol kote kerena o Roma gramatikane dosha
thay sar manglape te vakaryol qaqikane vash te ovol
amari qhib standardizuyimi koya ka lolpe sar
ofisiyaluni vash sa Romengo vakaripe thay hramipe.
May anglal yekh misali e vokaleya i kole lelem te
lipara po angle thay oleski rola ano hramipa thay
vakaripa.
Ano puqipa: kaski day? But Roma kerena dosh ko
vakaripa. Disave vakarena: munri day, munri dey,
mri dey-day, mungri dey-day,… a disave agyahar
sar manglape te vakarolpe miri day vay mi day.
Kana vakara miri, othe halyova so avela juvlikano
yeri numay manglape te jana so sa o Roma ko harno
vakaripa phenena mi day thay odoleya dikha so
miri day si o vakaripa thay hramipa odova so
manglape te la sare.
Akaleya putardo mothavyem vi so o hram i si hram
kova janglarela e juvlikane yere.
Akava shay te dikhen agyahar:
munri day
munri dey
mungri dey
mungri day
mri dey
mri day
miri day
mi day
mi day = miri day
Akale misalske shay te da vi akava yaver misali
kova mothavela asavke vakaripaske dosha ko disave
Roma.
Ko puqipa kaski day, vakarelpe: ti day, tli daydey,
tri day-dey, tiri day… numay sar dikhyola vi
akate o vakaripa ti day thay tiri day si o vakaripa
kova manglape te lolpe ani standardizuyimi qhib
soske sa o Roma vakarena harne ti day. Akava shay
te dikha agyahar.
Ti day
Tli day-dey
Tri day-dey
Tiri day
Ti day = Tiri day
Sar lelem te mothava e sane avazune vokalyengi
rola, mothava vi e rola kova therela o vokali e, kote
but Roma kerena dosh kana vakarena, poshukar te
phena so na vakarena agyahar sar mangela Romana
qhibyako sistemi vash te ovel I qhib
standardizuyimi.
But Roma gandinen so o vokali e mothavela o butipa
ani Romani qhib, numay i gramatike mothavela
yaver thay disave Roma kola o butipa lena yaver
vokaleya ol vakarena gramatikane agyahar sar
manglape, numay odova ka muthava kana ava ko
yaver vokalya thay ko butipa.
O vokali e (prefiksi) arakhlola anglo iripe e
puqipasko kana puqelape: Kaske, kasta, kase,
kaski, kasko ty.
Sar misal: Kaske si akala luludya?
– e Diyanake (dativ, juvlikano yeri, yekhipe).
– e Romyaneske ( dativ, murshikano yeri,
yekhipe).
– e phurenge ( dativ, mursh. thay juvlikano yeri,
butipa).
– e ternenge (dativ, murshikano thay juvlikano
yeri, butipa).
Sar dikhena ano angluno misali, angluno puqipasko
iripe telaryola e hrameya – e - thay ko agor e
iripasko avela popale o hram - e -. Akava ovela ko
murshikano thay juvlikano yeri. Agyahar vi ko
yekhipe thay butipa. Akava mothavela so, ko
telyaripe thay ko agor e alavesko avela sano
avazuno vokali kova perela ani yekh grupa e
vokalyengi.
Ano amaro misali sar murshikano agyahar vi
juvlikano yeri, agorinyona e vokaleya e. Odova
ovela vi ko butipa.
Ko juvlikano yeri ko yekhipe, ko agor avela o
sufiksi – ake - jik ko murshikano yeri ko yekhipe,
ko agor avela o sufiksi – eske -. Ko butipa akava
sufiksi ovela – enge -.
Misali 2.Kasta kinyan akala luludya?
- e Diyanata (ablativ, juvlikano yeri, yekhipe).
- e Romyanesta( ablativ, mursh. yeri,
yekhipe).
- e phurenda (ablativ, mursh. thay juvl.
yer.butipa
- e ternenda (ablativ, mursh. thay juv. yer.
butipa.)
Ko duyto misal o iripe ovela pale e hrameya – e -
numay agorinyola e sufikseya – ta - odoleske so o
puqipa kasta agorinyola e hramensa – ta - thay
odoleske vi o iripe agorinyola e sufikseya – ta - sar
ko murshikano agyahar vi ko juvlikano yeri ko
yekhipe. Jik ko butipa anglal avela o hram - e -
numay o sufiksi akana ovela – da – sar ko
murshikano, agyahar vi ko juvlikano yeri.
Misali 3. Kase muklan khere?
- e Diyana (akuzativ, juvlikano yeri,
yekhipe).
- e Romyane (aku.mursh. yeri, yekhipe).
- e phuren (aku.mursh. & juv. yeri, butipa).
- e ternen (aku.mursh.& juv. yeri. butipa.)
Ko trinto misali, pale o iripe ovela e hrameya – e -
numay juvlikano yeri agorinyola e hrameya – a -
murshikano yeri e hrameya – e - jik o butipa sar ko
juvlikano agyahar vi ko murshikano yeri agorinyola
e sufikseya – en -.
Misali 4.Kaski siyan?
- e Diyanaki ( genitiv,
juv.yeri,yekhipe).
- e Romyaneski ( gen.mur.yeri,yekhipe).
- e phurengi (gen. juv.yer.but.)
- e ternengi (gen.juv.but.)
Ko shtarto misal popale o iripe ovela e hrameya – e
- numay juvlikano yeri ko yekhipe agorinyola e
sufikseya – aki -, murshikano yeri e sufikseya –
eski -, o butipa e sufikseya – gi–(engi).
Sar dikhena, o puqipa ovela ko juvlikano yeri
(kaski) kote o hram – i - avela ko agor, odoleske, ko
agor e iripasko pale avela o hram – i. Akava ovela
kana mothavena sar vash murshikano yeri agyahar
vi vash juvlikano yeri, sar ano yekhipe agyahar vi
ko butipa.
Misali 5.Kasko siyan?
- e Diyanako (gen.juv.yer. yekhipe).
- e Romyanesko (gen.mursh.yer.yekh.).
- e phurengo ( gen. mursh. yer.butipa).
- e ternengo ( gen. mursh. yer.butipa).
Ko panjto misal popale o iripe ovela e hrameya - e -
numay juvlikano yeri agorinyola e sufikseya – ako -
murshikano yeri e sufikseya – esko - jik o butipa e
sufikseya – go – (engo), kana puqelpe murshikano
yeri.Akate putardo dikhyola so o vokalya ani
Romani qhib si but phanle yekhe yavre thay
manglape te siklolpe olengo phandipe sar so
sikavyem ko misalya.
Akava shay te mothavolpe vi tabelaya:
O misala kotar 1-5 mothavde ani yekh tabela
1.dativ e Diyanake
2.ablativ e Diyanata
3.akuzativ e Diyana
4-5.genitiv e Diyanaki, e Diyanako
1.dativ e Romyaneske
2.ablativ e Romyanesta
3.akuzativ e Romyane
4-5.genitiv e Romyaneski, e Romyanesko
1.dativ e phurenge
2.ablativ e phurenda
3.akuzativ e phuren
4-5.geniti e phurengi, e phurengo
1.dativ e ternenge
2.ablativ e ternenda
3.akuzativ e ternen
4-5.genitiv e ternengi, e ternengo
Vash te halyon disave Roma o dosha ano vakaripa
shukar si te mothavyol vi akava.Kana palo alav
avela o hram e, palo odova niyekh var na avela
juvlikano yeri ko yekhipe.Disave Roma ko vakaripa
kerena asavke dosha thay odoleske manglape te
janglon vi ol.Sar misal. Kana vakaren: olake qhay,
sar shunyola ano disave gila ty. akate ovela dosh.O
hram e akate mothavela so palo odova alav shay te
avol murshikano yeri ko yekhipe thay butipa, thay
shay te avol juvlikano yeri ko butipa, a na juvlikano
yeri ko yekhipe. Misalake:olake qhave, olake
qhaven, olake qhaya, olake qhayen ty.
Vash te avol yekhipe ko juvlikano yeri edeya var
manglape te ovel olaka qhaya.O paluno hram a
janglarela e juvlikane yere ko yehipe.
Akate shay te lipara vi disave harnipa kola
vakaryona ani Romani qhib kola but var biminsakobijande,
himinena e manushengi godi.
O harnipa mashkar yaver kote kerelpe dosha si vi:
-pi, po, pe, pa, le, la kola ko qaqipe si:
-piri, poro-pordo, -pere, para, ole, akale, odole,
akala, odola, ola, kola mothavena so palo :
-pi – piri avela juv.yeri;
-po- poro – pordo avela mursh. yeri;
-pe- pere avela murshukano yeri ko yekhipa, thay
murshikano thay juvlikano yeri ko butipa a na avela
juvlikano yeri ko yekhipe sar mothavyem po upre.
-pa-para mothavela so avela juv. yeri ko yekhipe.
-le-ole avela mursh.yeri yekhipe;
-le – akale avela mursh. yeri yekhipe;
-le – odole avela mursh. yeri yekhipe, murshikano
yeri butipa thay juvikano yeri butipa;
-la - akala avela juv.yeri yekhipe, juv. yeri butipa,
mursh. yeri butipa;
-la-odola avela juv.yeri yekhipe, juv.yeri butipa,
mursh. butipa;
-la-ola avela juv.yeri yekhipe.
THULE VOKALYENGI ROLA ANI
ROMANI QHIB
Sar mothavyem angle, thule avazune vokalya si: a,
o, u.
O murshikano yeri ani Romani qhib mothavlape e
thule avazeya O, sar misal: o qhavo, o Rom, o
grast, o jukhol ty. soske vakarelpe: akava qhavo,
akava Rom, akava grast, akava jukhol ty.
Sar dikhena, murshikano yeri ani Romani qhib
telaryola e thule avazune vokaleya thay agoruno
vokali si sakana thulo (nominativ).
But var o Roma vakarindoy ko murshikano yeri
kerena dosha so na pashlola e Romana gramatikake,
sar misal, disave Roma ko vakaripe phenena: Miro
dad, munro dad, mungro dad,…, jik disave
vakarena agyahar sar manglape, moro dad vay mo
dad; janelpe so sa o Roma vakaren harne mo dad
thay odoleske moro harne vakarelpe mo’.
Kana disave Roma vakarena: tiro dad, tro dad, tlo
dad, pale kerelape dosh. Jik disave Roma vakarena
toro dad, to dad, kova si qaquno iripe, soske kotar
toro avela o harno vakaripa to.Akate o alav telaryola
thule avazune vokaleya thay agorinyola thule
avazune vokaleya (nominativ).Asavko vakaripe thay
hramipe manglape te khuvel ani standardizuimi
Romani qhib vash te hramina sare yekh.
Akava shay te dikhen agyahar:
Miro dad
Munro dad
Moro dad
Mo dad
Mungro dad
Mo dad = Moro dad
Tiro dad
Tro dad
Toro dad
To dad
Tlo dad
To dad = Toro dad
But Roma o butipa kerena e sane avazune vokaleya
e, jik disave odova kerena e thule avazune vokaleya
o so pashlola Romana gramatikake thay e metodake.
Sar misal, disave Roma phenena: e Roma, e juvla, e
mursha, e khanya ty.
Numay disave phenena: o Roma, o juvla, o mursha,
o khanya ty.
Ji akana dikhlem so, kana o alava telaryona e sane
avazune vokaleya, ol agorinyonay e sane avazune
vokaleya thay kana telaryonay thule avazune
vokaleya, agorinyonay thule avazune vokaleya
(nominativ).
Ano akala misalya putardo dikhyola so o Roma kola
vakarena o butipa e sane avazune vokaleya e, kerena
gramatikani dosh, soske o alava telarena e sane
avazune vokaleya kana ov agorinyola e thule
avazune vokaleya. Odoleske o Roma kola kerena o
butipa e thule avazune vokaleya O, ol kerena
agyahar sar mangela i Romani gramatika.
O butipa ki Romani qhib ovela e avazeya O, sar ko
mushikano agyahar vi ko juvlikano yeri. Sar misal: o
mursha, o juvla, o qhaya, o daya, o romnya, o
khanya, o thuda ty.Akate dikha so anglo sakova alav
avela o thulo vokali - o - thay o liparde alava
telaryona e thule vokaleya vi agorinyona e thule
vokaleya ( nominativ).
Numay si vi alava kola na pashlona akale sistemeske
(ko butipa), sar misal: o qhave, o maqe, o jukle;
numay sar po but e 80% pashlola akale sistemeske
amen lelem akava sar metoda a jana so sakova Rom
kova vakarla Romane pe khereste ka janel akava te
ulavel.But si semno so akava sistemi lelpe sakana ko
nominativ soske ko akuzativ avela anglo alav o
vokali e thay akava si odova so but Roma nashti
ulaven.
Te lelilo e sar butipasko semno, edeya var o
nominativ ko butipa ovela e qhave kova si yekh e
akuzativeya ko yekhipe.Akate putardo dikhyola kote
ovela i dosh.
Nominativ: o qhavo o qhave
Akuzativ: e qhave e qhaven
Disave janglaripa vash kana ovela puqipa ko
yekhipe thay butipa
Ko puqipa: Kay nakhe, kay siyan thay kay sinay? –
irinelpe: ki Diyana vay ko Romyan.
Akate dikhyola so kana irinelpe ko juvlikano yeri,
sakana avela ki anglo iripe, jik o iripe ko
murshikano yeri ovela e hramensa ko anglo iripe.
Ko butipa sakana avela o ko sar ko misala : ko
mursha, ko juvla, ko qhaya, ko diza, ko gava ty.
(Lokativ).
Kana puqelpe: Kaske qhave? Irinelpe: oleske
qhave, olake qhave, akalenge qhave, olenge qhave,
okolenge qhave ty (dativ). Akate muthavela so ko
puqipa Kaske, ko agor avela o sano avazuno vokali
e sar ko murshikano iripe agyahar vi ko juvlikano
iripe, akava ovela sar ko yekhipe agyahar vi ko
butipa.Numay ko murshikano iripe avela o sufiksi
eske, ko juvlikano iripe o sufiksi ake, thay ko butipa
o sufiksi enge.
Akava misali lelem vash te mothava e Romenge
kola o puqipe kerena sar manglape numay o irinipe
kerena doshale.
Kana puqelpe kaske, kaski, nashti te irinelpe olaqe
vay olaqi ty. soske o ke thay ki duy agorune
puqipaske hramya, mothavena sar manglape te
irinelpe.Ano amare misala akava iripe ka ovel olake
thay olaki.
O konsonanti L
Ani Romani qhib o konsonanti L therela but semno
phandipe e vokalyensa, kola muthavena olesko avazi
duy qhane.
1.Kana palo konsonanti L avela thulo avazuno
vokali ( a,o,u ) ov drabaryola sar ko misala :
kalo, mulo, lolo, balo, ty.
laqo, balal, palal, lajal ty.
lugo, luludi, luno, paluno ty.
Numay kana palo konsonanti L avela sano avazuno
vokali ( e, i ) ov sakana drabaryola sar ko misala:
lima, brli, thuli, mukli ty.
len, bale, kale, thule ty.
Ano disave thana kana palo L avela thulo avazuno
vokali, o konsonanti L shay te drabaryol sar kana si
palo leste o sano avazuno vokali, misal: Halum,
gelum, muklum ty.Ano asavke misalya shay te
qhivelpe yekh semno ko thulo avazuno vokali kova
mothavela so o konsonanti manglape te drabaryol
sar so si palo leste sano avazuno vokali ( agyahar
kerde yaver thema ko telyaripe kola therde akava
problemi kana kerde pi qhib, numay kana o manusha
siklile akava sistemi, akana na thovena akava semno
pordo vokali), sar misal: Halûm, gelûm, muklûm
ty.Amen pakya so sakova Rom ka janol odova thay
niyekh Rom kova vakarla i Romani qhib pe
khereste, na ka kerel dosh ko drabaripe. Akava
sistemi (sar mothavyem angleder) si vi ko yaver
qhiba thay odoleske amen lelem vash te lokyara
Romana qhibyako hramipe thay drabaripe a odoleya
respektina vi o phandlipe kole lelem vash hramipa.
VOKALYENGE THANA MASHKAR
KONSONANTYA
Kana vakaryola thay hraminyola i Romani qhib, o
vokalya nikana na avena yekh pali yekh. Akava si
but semno te janelpe thay adikarindoy akava sistemi
amen ka hramina thay drabara i Romani qhib po
melodikane, soske oy si korkori melodikani.Olaki
melodiya namanglape te nashala hramindoy thay
drabarindoy doshale.
Romane alava sakana therena yekh konsonanti
mashkar duy vokalya.
Mashkar duy vokalya, mashkar yaver konsonantya
may but arakhlona akala konsonantya - n, y, s, sh, h,
t thay k.
Disave Roma vash te nashen e hramipasta, but var
hana e konsonanten agyahar so na hraminenalen,
vakarindoy so ol shunyona vi bi hramimo. Maybut
nashelpe e hramipasta kana avela duy agorune
vokalya, mashkar kolende manglape te khuven o
konsonante kolen upre liparyem, numay odova
kerena vi kana manglape anglo alav te liparen
deyekh uprelipardo konsonanti (hram) ol na
vakarena vay hana o konsonanti sar misal o Y napal
ovela metateza thay o orginaluno alav vakaryola
doshaya.Ano misalya: yiv, yevend, yaro, yakh,
ty.but Roma vakarena:iv,evend,aro vay, arno, akh
vay ayk, ty.
Akana ka sikava disave yaver misalya vash liparde
konsonantya: Ko puqipa kasa? irinelpe: qhavea,
qhaveya, qhavesa, qhaveha ty.
Ano angluno iripe dikhyola so duy vokalya avena
yekh palo yekh thay amen shay te phena so na
pherela e gramatikako mangipa, numay o yaver trin
qhana, pherena e gramatikako mangipe khuvindoy
mashkar vokalya o dende konsonante. Shukar sine
mashkar akala vokalya te lelpe o konsonanti y kova
kotar vakaripaski melodiya pashlola po shukar,
numay shay te hraminenpe vi o yaver konsonate
kolen liparyem angle, soske ol pherena e
gramatikako mangipe. Kerindoy akala metodaya
buti, pakyav so sakova Rom ka halyol o hramipe.
Sar dikhlen po upre, mashkar duy vokalya
sakana avela yekh konsosnanti, numay disave roma
but var ko vakaripa aqhona ano lelutno konsonanti
vi edeya var kana manglape te vakaren o agorutno
vokali vay but var kana namanglape te len o
konsonanti, ol shunyarenale thay akava kerela vi
disave Romengo vakaripe te ciden ano doshalo
vakaripa thay halyovipa.Sar misal, disave Roma
sakana thovena o hram s ano alava: keras, maras,
thovas, aves ty. Numay akava si yekh hram kova
khuvela mashkar duy vokalya sar vakaryem po angle
thay o Roma odova nashti ulaven.O uprune misalya
manglape te vakarelpe agyahar:kera, mara, thova,
ave ty.kova pashlola e sistemeya.Te lele o roma o s
sar paluno hram edeya var manglape te len vi o a sar
agoruno hram thay edeya var ka dikhen kote ovela i
dosh, sar misal:kerasa, marasa, thovasa, avesa.
Jik disave Roma akava vakarena agyahar, odola
kola thovena o y mashkar duy vokalya ka vakaren
sar :keraya, maraya, thovaya, aveya. Jik odola
kola thovena o h mashkar vokalya ka vakaren
agyahar: keraha, maraha, thovaha, aveha.
Akate putardo dikyola so o vakaripya si olen yaver
yaver mothavipe.Jik yekh mothavela so i buti ovela
ano akanutno vakti (kera) o duyto muthavela so i
buti ka ovel ano avutno vakti (kerasa, keraya,
keraha).
PERSONALUNE PRONOMYA
Dosha kola ovena ano personalune pronomya ka
mothava vash te halyoven po shukar, soske thay sar
manglape te la o hramipa vash amaro sistemi.
Personalune pronomya si:
Me,Tu (Tumen), Ov, Oy, Amen, Tumen, Ol.
Yekhipe: Me, Tu (Tumen), Ov, Oy.
Butipa: Amen, Tumen, Ol.
Akava shay te mothava vi agyahar:
Yekh. - But.
Me – Amen
Tu (Tumen) - Tumen
Ov – Ol
Oy – Ol
Mothavipa: Ano disave diyalektya o personalune
pronomya Ov, Oy, Ol shunyona sar Vov, Voy thay
On. Akava shay te mothava agyahar:
Ov = Vov
Oy = Voy
Ol = On
Vash te siklolpe yekh qhib po loke, manglape te ovel
yekh sistemi kova ka mothavel soske hraminelpe
vay soske lelpe agyahar.
Ano amare misalya amen lelem e romengo vakaripa
kola vakarena o personalune pronomya Ov, Oy thay
Ol odoleske so sakova personaluno pronomi
telaryola e hramensa O kova si but po loko te
adikrolpe ani godi a vi odoleske so o butipa vash
trinto jeno ovela e persunalune pronomeya Ol kova
pashlola ani gramatika.
Kotar personaluno pronomi Ol, ko parudipe ovela
sar misal: olengo, olengi, olensa ty. Akate putardo
dikhyola so o hram L kova si duyto hram ko butipa,
sakote avela sar duyto hram ko sa parudipa thay si
but logikano te lelpe akava hramipe thay vakaripe,
jik o hram – n - sar vakarena disave Roma, na
shunyola ko parudipe.
Personalune pronomya Me thay Amen parudinyona
agyahar:
YEKHIPASTE
Me
1. Nom.------Me
2.Gen.-Moro-miri-mere
3. Abl. ------Manda
4. Dat. ------Mange
5. Aku.------Mande
6. Vok. ------ nane
7. Ins.---Mansa - Manca
8. Lok. ------Ka-mande
BUTIPASTE
Amen
1. Nom.------Amen
2. Gen. ------Amaro-i-e
3. Abl. ------ Amenda
4. Dat. ------ Amenge
5. Aku.------ Amende
6. Vok. ------ nane
7.Ins...Amensa-Amenca
8. Lok. ----- Ka-mende
Personalune pronomengo Tu thay Tumen
parudinyona agyahar:
YEKHIPASTE
Tu
1. Nom.------Tu
2. Gen. --Toro-tiri-tere
3. Abl. ------ Tuta
4. Dat. ------ Tuke
5. Aku.------ Tute
6. Vok. ------Tu!
7. Ins.--- ---Tuya (va,sa)
8. Lok. ------ ka Tute
BUTIPASTE
Tumen
1. Nom.------Tumen
2. Gen. –Tumaro-i-e
3. Abl. ------ Tumenda
4. Dat. ------ Tumenge
5. Aku.------ Tumende
6. Vok. ------Tumen!
7. Ins...---Tumensa (ca)
8. Lok. ----- ka Tumende
Trinte jeneske personalune pronomengo parudipe
ovela agyahar:
YEKHIPASTE
Ov
1. Nom.------Ov
2. Gen. ---Olesko-i-e
3. Abl. ------ Olesta
4. Dat. ------ Oleske
5. Aku.------ Ole
6. Vok. ------nane
7. Ins.--- ----Oleya
8. Lok. ------ ko Oleste
BUTIPASTE
Ol
1. Nom.----- Ol
2. Gen. ----Olengo-i-e
3. Abl. ------ Olenda
4. Dat. ------ Olenge
5. Aku.------ Olen
6. Vok. ------nane
7. Ins...---Olensa (ca)
8. Lok. ----- ko Olende
K VAY Q
Sakoya qhib therela diyalektya thay mashkar
diyalektya sakana hi(si) diso ( variso) so na paslola
yekhe yavre. Tana ovlay agyahar, na akharyonay
diyalektya.Numay kana sakova Rom mangela poro
diyalekti te ovol angluno thay gandindoy so poro
diyalekti si may shukar, khuvela inati mashkar
Roma thay i qhib aqhola palal. Amen tana ulem
godyale te kera amari qhib, khonik na ka kerel ola. Ji
adive but qhiba kerdile thay arakhlile may shukar
sistemya vash te laqarolpe i qhib thay te ovol i qhib
hramimi sar standarduni vash sare. Amenge aqhola
te dikha so kerde yaver thema thay vi amen te
telyara olengo drom ko qhibyako anglikeripa.
YEKHIPASTE
Oy
1. Nom.------Oy
2. Gen. ---Olako - i-e
3. Abl. ------ Olata
4. Dat. ------ Olake
5. Aku.------ Ola
6. Vok. ------nane
7. Ins.--- -Olaya (ha-sa)
8. Lok. ------ ko Olate
BUTIPASTE
Ol
1. Nom.------Ol
2. Gen. -----Olengo -i-e
3. Abl. ------ Olenda
4. Dat. ------ Olenge
5. Aku.------ Olen
6. Vok. ------nane
7.Ins.---------Olensa (ca)
8. Lok. ----- -ko Olende
Akate ka vakara vash disave bihalyovipe mashkar
Roma, kola sakova mangela te ovel oleske
diyalekteste, numay amen ka sikava o sistemi kova
lelilo ko yaver qhiba thay ka lokyara vay ka
pakyakara so qaqek agyahar manglape te
hraminelpe.
May anglal ka la o alava kola telaryona e hramensa
k & q.
Disave Roma vakarena k anglo alava : kher, kiral,
khil, kirmo ty. jik disave Roma vakaren: qher,
qiral, qhil, qirmo.
Sar dikhena, ano akala alava numay anglune hramya
hraminyona yaver qhane.
Ano qhiba kola therena akala problemya, ol kerde
yekh sistemi, agyahar so lele yekh hram, sar misal o
k, kova hraminelpe ani hramuni qhib, jik o vakaripa
pale sakova shay te vakarel pe khereste sar mangela.
Akala hramya arakhlona vi mashkar alava thay
odoleske manglape sakote te lelpe akava sistemi.
Kerindoy agyahar, keryolape shkolako sistemi kote
sare ka hramina k ano akala alava thay ambori palo
disave bersha vi o Roma kola vakarna ko q pe
kherende ka len akava sistemi.Sar mothavyem ani
tabela po angle, vash o sistemi kova lelilo upre,
kova muthavdilo qaqikano, o Roma kola vakarena
odole sistemeya ano akanutno misal vakarena ano k
thay odoleske amen phena so si po qaquno te lelpe o
k a na o q, a kana janolpe so si o vakaripa ko k po
purano e vakaripasta ko q.
Q & Sh
Disave Roma kana vakarena ko q, o yavera, o q
vakarena sar sh, sar ko misala: qhib, qhuri, qhavo,
jik o yaver vakaren: shib, shuri, shavo. Sar po but
diyalektya vakaren ko q shukar sine sare te len o
sistemi hramipasko ko q thay agyahar sare ka jana te
hramina asavke alava ko siklovipasko sistemi.
G & J
Ko vakaripa mashkar Romane diyalektya si vi o
problemi so disave Roma vakarena g kana o yaver
vakarena j, sar misal: gelem, gili, olenge, mange ty.
jik disave vakarena : jelem, jili, olenje, manje ty.
Shukar sine sare te len o g ko siklovipasko sistemi
soske o roma kola vakarena upre anavune sistemeya
vakarena ko g, numay vi o yaver thema kola therde
akala problemya agyahar lele o g soske mothavdilo
po reyaluno. Agyahar kerindoy dive po dive ka
khuvel ano sakova kher sar siklovipasko sistemi.
Kana shunyola dy, gy, jy te lelpe numay o y
Ani Romani qhib si disave alava ano kolengo
andripe si disave alavenge kotora kola shunyona
yaver qhanen numay ko yekh hram.Vash te ovol
amen yekh hramutni qhib, manglape te la yekhe
qhano hramipe vash te khuvel ani standarduni qhib.
Ano alava: khuv-dy-an, khuv-gy-an, khuv-jy-an,
vakar-dy-an, vakar-gy-an,vakar-jy-an, ty. shunyola
o dy, gy, jy, kola manglape te phanlon ano
sistemi.Sar dikhena ano so trin vakaripa palo
hramya d, g, j shunyola o hram y, kova shunyola po
but e anglune hramendar. Odoleske so trin hramya
shukar si te peren ano asavke misalya thay te vakara
numay ko y kova lokyarela e romengo vakaripa
numay shay te vakarelpe vi numay ko d kova
shunyola ano pobut alava.
Numay kana shunyona numay o d, j, g, a odova
ovela maybut ko yekhipe, edeya var ka lelpe numay
o d. Misala. podi, pogi, poji, vay luludi, lulugi,
luluji, ty.Ano asavke misalya ka lelpe numay o d
thay akate hramina podi, luludi kova khuvela
hramipasko sistemi.
Asavko vakaripa vakarena disave Roma thay amen
lelem odoleske akava sistemi sar may loko vash te
pherel e Romengo mangipe.O Roma kola vakarena
agyahar si odole Romengo vakaripa kola pherena e
sistemesko mangipa sar mothavyem po upre.
Tena vakarolpe ko diminutivi (tiknyaripe)
bi minsako.
But Roma a maybut ki Makedoniya vakarena ko
diminutiv kova shay pashlola hari e Makedonikana
qhibyaka umalake thay odova kerindoy nashena e
Romana qhibyaka sistemesta. Vakarindoy ko
diminutiv ol telekerena vay tiknyarena e manushen
ano vakaripa, deyekh var shay bi jando, odoleske sa
o Roma kola vakarena sakana ko diminutiv
manglape te kontrolinen po vakaripa.
Kana pobut Roma vakarena: qhavo, dad, day,
qhay,olengo, murshengo, Romyanesko, Diyanako
ty. odova disave vakarena thovindoy o sufiksi ro, ri,
ori e alavenge thay agyahar o upreliparde alava
ovena: qhavoro, dadoro, dayori, qhayori,
olengoro, murshengoro, Romnyaneskoro,
Diyanakoro ty. Amen sare jana so, sa so si tikno si
kamlo, shukar, pashe e jeneske ty. numay asavko
hramipe vay vakaripa shay te liparyol vi vash
bilaqipe, tiknyaripe e jenengo, koshipe thay yaver
kova purminela sa o gandipa. Ko diminutiv shay te
vakarolpe kana o manusha kamena pe qhave thay
kamipasta kharenale qhavoro vash te usharen pe
qhave vay vash te mothaven po kamipe poleste,
numay si alava vay situaciye kola vakarindoy e
sufikseya mangena te tiknyaren jikase kana ovela
deyekh koshiba, mariba vay deyekh yaver bilaqipe
edeya var o roma vakarena so si ov qhavoro ( nani
baro) vash tana dikhelpe but. Odoleske manglape
but te dikholpe kana vakarolpe ko diminutiv. Kana
vakarolpe: rom-oro, romn-ori ty. Akate na
gandinelpe ko shukaripa numay ko tiknyaripe,
prastavipe, koshipa ty. Odoleske manglape te
ulavelpe normaluno vakaripe e diminutivune
vakaripasta.
Shay te vakarolpe vi akava so, o Roma kola
vakarena bi thanesko ko diminutiv, but var na lena o
angluno hram e alavesko sar misal o o thay odova
thovena ano agor.Sar misal o alava :olako, olesko,
olengo ty. vakarena sar: lako-ro, lesko-ro, lengo-ro
ty. so na pashlola e gramatikake.
Panda disave janglaripe vash disave
sufiksya
Kana disave Roma vakarena: rodipe, khelipe,
maripe ty.disave Roma akala alava vakarena sar:
rodimos, khelimos, marimos, ty. jik disave yaver
Roma akala alava vakarena sar: rodimata,
khelimata, marimata ty.
Te dikhlem akate o shtorso e alavengo, dikha so ano
trin vakaripa o shtorso si yekh. Akala alava avena
kotar shtorso: rod, khel, mar. Sar amen roda odova
so pashlola po but amare sistemeske thay Romana
gramatikake, ano asavke vakaripa ano sistemi ka
khuvel o vakaripa: rodipe, khelipe, maripe ty. kova
pashlola gramatikake thay upre liparde sistemeske.
Disave Roma ano vakaripa kova pashlola e Romana
gramatikake, sar misal: gindo-ginde, disave Roma
akale alavesko butipa kerena sar gindo-gindura.
Asavko vakaripe na pashlola ani amari gramatika
thay o Roma kola vakarena gindo-ura vay jindo-dura
manglape te vakaren gindo-e sar mothavyem angle.
J - Ž ( srbikani)
Kana disave Roma vakarena: janav, juvli, jukhol,
jamutro ty. o yaver vakarena: žanav, žuvli, žukhol,
žamutro ty.
Sar so dikhena, numay o anglune hramya si
yaver.Ani romani qhib o hram ž vakaryola numay
ano odola rashtre kola therena akava hram thay ov
shunyola kvash avazuno odoleske o Roma kola
vakarena ko ž manglape te vakaren ko j kova si
qaqutno Romano, soske o hram ž nani Romana
qhibyako hram. Akava hram shunyola ko gajikane
alava thay akaleya sida e dilema koya ji akana
phiravdili ko Roma.
Disave alava kola bistardile pi Romani qhib, butvar
olen purminena o gajikane alava kolen manglape te
hramina agyahar sar hraminyona ano qhiba kotar
avela o alav,vay te shay Romane hramensa.
O hramya C & F
Kana hraminelpe i Romani qhib, disave hramya po
but var hraminyon, odoleske so po but var arakhenpe
ano alava, numay disave hramya but hari
arakhenpe, jik ko disave diyalektya vi na shunyona.
Akate vakarelpe vash hramya c thay f kola but hari
arakhlona ano hramipe.
O hram c sar misal arakhelpe ano disave alava kote
shay te purminyol e hrameya s kova shunyola ano
disave diyalektya. Sar misal: curula, cidipe, olenca,
malenca ty. kolen shay te hramina: surula, sidipe,
olensa, malensa ty. kova ko reyaliteti shunyola
ano disave Romane diyalektya.
O hram c khuvdoy ano romengo vakaripe palo
niklovipe e Indiyatar.Oleske thane sakana vakardilo
thay adive vakaryola s thay odoleske amen manga
popale te aqhol odova orginaliteti e vakaripasko kote
sakote kote shunyola o hram s te purminyol e
hrameya s. Agyahar kerindoy amen ka vakara
Romane sar Roma a na sar gaje.
O hram f shunyola ano gajikane alava kola khuvde
ani Romani qhib.Sar najanelpe olengi qaquni
Romani verziya, amen ka hramina olen agyahar sar
hraminyola ano qhiba kotar avena.Sar misal o alava:
fabrika, felyastra, folklori, fudbali ty. nani
Romane alava numay vash te thera akala alava ani
Romani qhib, amen manglape te hramina olen sar
mothavyem upre.O hram f nani Romano hram.
Amen hramindoy agyahar sar vakaryem po upre ka
sida panda duy hramya kola nani Romane thay
amari qhib ka hraminyol numay 22 hramensa thay
agyahar ka mothavyol qaqikane disave rodlardengo
mothavipe so o Roma yekh vakti hraminde 23
hramensa.Ani amari abeceda o 23. hram si sh kole
amen hraminyem e hramensa s thay h a pakya so
amare phure odova hraminde yaverqhane.
Vash i teza so o Roma hraminde 23 hramensa shay
te drabaren ani pustik “Seoba Roma” kotar Dr.
Rajko Juric, ki rig 229, kote hraminela: “ si disave
rodlarde sar o Ž.A. Dekurdemans kova mothavela
vash Romengo hramipa e 23 hramensa (
hiyeroglifya) numay olesko asavko dikhipe qhudena
but rodlarde.”
Amen odova na qhuda, numay pakya thay olako
qaqipa mothavyem hramindoy akaya pustik.
Vash te dopsinav akava kotor, manglape te
mothavav so ji akana na lipardilo niyekh diyalekti
kana mothavyem o sistemi.Odova keryem odoleske
so o Roma na dikhena so si o qaqipa numay dikhena
vash savo diyalekti vakarelpe thay bi kerde
kodifikaciya vakarena so olengo diyalekti si may
shukar thay sare manglape te vakaren thay te
hraminen sar so vakarena ol. Numay si vi odola
Roma, kola janindoy o qaqipa na tharena o dud e
qaqipasko diket garavena odova ani tomina
mothavindoy so si ol niyamune.
Amen janindoy akava oproblemi, nashlem odolesta,
ano kova diyalekti sar vakaryola, thay diyalektyenge
thane vakaryem so o Roma vakarena agyahar thay
amen manglape te la akava vakaripa kova pashlola
Romana gramatikake vash te keryol o sistemi, bi
dendoy priyoriteti e diyalekteske.
Pakyav so te lavay te mothavav e diyalektyen e
anaveya, edeya var ka ovlay po baro problemi vash
te pakyan o Roma, soske o Roma sakana therena ani
pi godi poro vakaripa.Sar misal ka mothavav numay
ani yekh diz sar so si o Prizren ani Kosova, sakoya
mahala usharela poro vakaripa.O mahale si
:Terzimahala, Qutmahala, Yenimahala, Bashdarana
ty. thay o Roma kotar o gav Mamusha, pashe
Prizreneske, kola kana vakarena yekhe-yavreya,
sakova prastavela yekhe-yaveresko vakaripa thay
but var vi akharyona e mahalake vakaripaske
anavensa sar : Terzimahalakeya, Qutmahalakeya,
Mamushaliya ty. kova kana puqelpe ko vakarela
may shukar i Romani qhib, sare usharena poro
vakaripa a odoleya mothavena vi te na sine odova
qaqek, popale mangena te lolpe olengo vakaripa.
Akava misali lelum numay vash te mothavav save
gandipaske ulavipya si ani yekh diz.
Janindoy akava, thay therindoy anglo yakha sa
Sumnaleske Romen, rodinyum may shukar metoda
vasht te kerolpe amari qhib thay odoleske liparyum
numay e Romenge vakaripya vash te mothavav sar
shay te kerolpe o sistemi vash te thera yekh
yekhutno vakaripa koleya ka vakara thay ka hramina
sare. O diyalektya vay o lokalizme polok polok ka
nashavyona a shay disave generaciye popale ka
phiraven pe kherende kheresko vakaripa agyahar sar
vakardilo ji akana.
Akana agorindoy o mothavipe vash o sistemi shay te
dikhen save diyalektya vay Romane vakaripya
shunyona ano Sumnal.Akala tele hramime si numay
disave, soske sar mothavyem o Roma akharyona vi
mahalake anavensa,rashtrake anavensa,vi butyake
anavensa ( kovaqya, kalayjiye, arabajiye-vrdarya,
konoplarya-jene kola kerena shela) ty. Akava teluno
hramipe si amare lingvistyengo hramipa kote shay
te dikhen ano Romlex.
Akana bahtalkerav sarenenge Romana qhibyako
sistemi vash vakaripa thay hramipa, mangindoy e
Bare Devlesta: yekhipa, halyovipa, anglipa, baht
thay sastipa vash sa Roma kola ka len akava
Romana qhibyako sistemi vash hramipa thay
vakaripa thay ka hraminen but thay bare pustika
savensa ka anglikara amari qhib agyahar sar kerde o
yaver thema.
Romane diyalektya vay vakaripya
Romane diyalektya vay
vakaripya
Banateski Gurbet Romani Bugurjii Romani
Burgenlandaki Romani Crimean Romani
Dolenyaki Romani Slovak Romani
Finlandiyaki Romani-kale Gurbet Romani
Gurvari Romani Hungariyaki Romani
Kalderash Romani Kosovo Arli Romani
Latviyaki Romani Lithvaniyaki Romani
Lovara Romani Makedoniyaki Arli Romani
Makedoniyaki Jambazi Romani Rusiyaki Romani
Romungro Romani Turkiyaki Sepetqi Romani
Sinti Romani Sofia Erli Romani
Sremeski Gurbet Romani Ursari Romani
Velsh Romani
DAY
YEKHIPASTE
1. Nom.------I day
2. Gen. ------ e day-ako
3. Abl. ------e day-ata
4. Dat. ------ e day -ake
5. Aku.------e day-a
6. Vok. ------day-e!
7.In.-e day-aya-(asa-aha)
8. Lok. ------e day-ate
DAYA
BUTIPASTE
1. Nom.------o day-a
2. Gen. ------e day-engo
3. Abl. ------e day-enda
4. Dat. ------ e day-enge
5. Aku.------e day-en
6. Vok. -------day-alen!
7. Ins. -----e day-ensa
8. Lok. ------e day-ende
DAD
YEKHIPASTE
1. Nom.------o dad
2. Gen. ------ e dad-esko
3. Abl. ------e dad-esta
4. Dat. ------ e dad-eske
5. Aku.------e dad-e
6. Vok. -- dad-a!-(dad-e!)
7. Ins. ..-----e dad-eya
8. Lok. ------e dad-este
DADA
BUTIPASTE
1. Nom.------o dad-a
2. Gen. ------e dad-engo
3. Abl. ------e dad-enda
4. Dat. ------ e dad-enge
5. Aku.------e dad-en
6. Vok. ------dad-alen!
7. Ins. ..-----e dad-ensa
8. Lok. ------e dad-ende
Selahetin Kruezi

http://kosovoroma.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/standardizuyimi1.pdf